Deluca Surname Meaning and Origin

Deluca Surname Meaning and Origin Deluca, or De Luca, is a patronymic last name meaning child of Luca. The given name Luca is the Italian adaptation of Luke, from the Greek name Loukas meaning from Lucania, an old locale of southern Italy. This zone is basically incorporated today by theâ modern district of the Basilicata. Exchange Surname Spellings: DI LUCA, DILUCA, LUCA, DE LUCA, DELUCCA Family name Origin: Italian Renowned People With the Surname DELUCA or DE LUCA Gianni De Luca - Italian comic book craftsman and illustratorFrancesca De Luca - London-conceived on-screen character of Italian originsLuigi De Luca - notable craftsman model; extraordinary granddad of Francesca De LucaGiuseppe De Luca - Italian baritone drama singerFred DeLuca - prime supporter of Subway sandwich shops Where Do People With the DELUCA Surname Live? As per the family name dissemination information at Forebears, the DeLuca last name is most often found in the United States, while the de Luca spelling is substantially more typical in Italy, where it positions nineteenth in the country. WorldNames Public Profiler recognizes de Luca as being generally normal all through southern Italy, particularly in the districts of Calabria and Campania. The DeLuca spelling is likewise found in Italy, yet is substantially less normal. It is discovered most every now and again in Northwest Territories, Canada, just as the American New England states. Family history Resources for the Surname DELUCA Implications of Common Italian SurnamesUncover the importance of your Italian last name with this free manual for Italian family name implications and inceptions for the most widely recognized Italian last names. Step by step instructions to Research Italian AncestorsGet began exploring your Italian roots with this manual for investigating Italian precursors in Italy. Deluca Family Crest - Its Not What You ThinkContrary to what you may hear, there is nothing of the sort as a Deluca family peak or ensign for the Deluca surname. Coats of arms are conceded to people, not families, and may legitimately be utilized uniquely by the continuous male line relatives of the individual to whom the escutcheon was initially allowed. DELUCA Family Genealogy ForumSearch this famous parentage gathering for the Deluca last name to discover other people who may be exploring your predecessors, or post your own Deluca question. FamilySearch - DELUCA GenealogyAccess more than 500,000 free verifiable records and ancestry connected family trees posted for the Deluca last name and its minor departure from this free lineage site facilitated by the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. GeneaNet - Deluca RecordsGeneaNet incorporates chronicled records, family trees, and different assets for people with the Deluca last name, with a fixation on records and families from France, Spain, and other European nations. DistantCousin.com - DELUCA Genealogy Family HistoryExplore free databases and lineage joins for the last name Deluca. The Deluca Genealogy and Family Tree PageBrowse family trees and connections to genealogical and authentic records for people with the last name Deluca from the site of Genealogy Today. Sources: Cottle, Basil. Penguin Dictionary of Surnames. Baltimore, MD: Penguin Books, 1967. Dorward, David. Scottish Surnames. Collins Celtic (Pocket release), 1998. Fucilla, Joseph. Our Italian Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 2003. Hanks, Patrick and Flavia Hodges. A Dictionary of Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1989. Hanks, Patrick. Dictionary of American Family Names. Oxford University Press, 2003. Reaney, P.H. A Dictionary of English Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1997. Smith, Elsdon C. American Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 1997.

Healthy People Cannot Give Blood Essay -- Health

Everybody has seen the blood and gore film story over and over. One individual watches somebody they love be placed into a stunning condition while being only a defenseless observer, viewing through a window or a TV screen. Viewing the observer is nearly as deplorable as viewing the person in question, as the inborn impulse of a human to help other people is relatable and conspicuous to everybody. Shockingly, there is a network in today’s world that is kept from helping individual people in a basic demonstration of noble cause some may underestimate: giving blood. Ebb and flow United States strategy bans gay men from being blood givers, paying little mind to testing and other standard systems, for example, testing blood for transmittable infections and overseeing broad surveys with respect to chance elements of blood-borne sicknesses (American Red Cross, 2012). This arrangement forestalling men who have intercourse with other men (MSM) from giving blood ought to be changed, as headways in innovation have disposed of the high security worry that once made the approach the best consistent answer for safe blood transfusion (US Department of Health and Human Services, 2009). Approaches confining blood benefactors spread a wide scope of expected issues with the blood flexibly. Generally, these approaches are extremely coherent and give a more prominent bit of psyche to those getting blood; nonetheless, the strategy with respect to gay men is both obsolete and unreasonable. As plot on the United States Food and Drug Administration’s site (2009), no man who has engaged in sexual relations with another man since 1977, paying little heed to defensive obstructions or number of accomplices, may give blood anytime after intercourse. Numerous individuals are unconscious of this strategy; it has not gotten consideration in the... ...eller, A. J. (2010, December). No proof of a fundamentally expanded danger of transfusion-transmitted human immunodeficiency infection disease in Australia resulting to executing a year deferral for men who have engaged in sexual relations with other men. Transfusion, 50(12), 2722-2730. doi:10.1111/j.1537-2995.2010.02793.x Thrasher, S. W. (2009). Blood, sex, and the FDA. Backer, (1032), 50-53. The Constitution of the United States. Revision 1. U.S. Branch of Health and Human Services, (2009). Blood gifts from men who have intercourse with other men questions and replies. Recovered from U.S. Food and Drug Administration site: http://www.fda.gov/biologicsbloodvaccines/bloodbloodproducts/questionsaboutblood/ucm108186.htm Waters, A. (2011). FROM THE HEART. Nursing Standard, 25(29), 24-25. (2012). In American Red Cross. Recovered March 29, 2012, from http://www.redcross.org/

The system development life cycle framework Essay Example for Free

The framework improvement life cycle system Essay The framework improvement life cycle structure gives a succession of exercises to framework creators and designers to follow. It comprises of a lot of steps or expressions which each period of the SDLC utilizes the aftereffects of the past one. Here are some significant stages that are fundamental for engineers, Planning, Analysis, Design, and Implementation. These SDLCs are established and made out of unmistakably characterized and particular work stages. These are utilized by framework specialists and framework engineers to get ready for, plan, manufacture, test and convey data frameworks. The item Life Cycle, is the procedure for building data frameworks in an extremely conscious, organized and efficient way, initially produced for huge scope practical business frameworks to make sense of the existence pattern of a program or projects. Here are the accompanying SDLC rules that are used, Preliminary investigation: The target of stage 1 is to direct a primer examination, propose elective arrangements, depict expenses and benefits and present a fundamental arrangement with suggestions. Lead the fundamental investigation: in this progression, you have to discover the associations destinations and the nature and extent of the issue under examination. Regardless of whether an issue alludes just to a little section of the association itself then you have to discover what the goals of the association itself are. At that point you have to perceive how the issue being considered fits in with them. Propose elective arrangements: In diving into the associations goals and explicit issues, you may have just secured a few arrangements. Exchange proposition may originate from talking workers, customers, providers, as well as advisors. You can likewise consider what contenders are doing. With this information, you will have three options: leave the framework with no guarantees, improve it, or build up another framework. Portray the expenses and advantages. Frameworks investigation, necessities definition: Defines venture objectives into characterized capacities and activity of the expected application. Examines end-client data needs. Frameworks configuration: Describes wanted highlights and activities in detail, including screen formats, business rules, process charts, pseudocode and other documentation. Advancement: The genuine code is composed here. Coordination and testing: Brings all the pieces together into a unique testing condition, at that point checks for mistakes, bugs and interoperability. Acknowledgment, establishment, organization: The last phase of starting turn of events, where the product is placed into creation and runs real business. Upkeep: During the support phase of the SDLC, the framework is surveyed to guarantee it doesn't get out of date. This is likewise where changes are made to beginning programming. It includes persistent assessment of the framework as far as its exhibition. Assessment: Some organizations don't see this as an official phase of the SDLC, however is it a significant piece of the existence cycle. Assessment step is an augmentation of the Maintenance stage, and might be alluded to in certain circles as Post-execution Review. This is the place the framework that was created, just as the whole procedure, is assessed. A portion of the inquiries that should be addressed include: does the recent ly actualized framework meet the underlying business necessities and destinations? Is the framework solid and deficiency open minded? Does the framework work as indicated by the endorsed useful necessities? Notwithstanding assessing the product that was discharged, it is critical to evaluate the adequacy of the advancement procedure. On the off chance that there are any parts of the whole procedure, or certain stages, that administration isn't happy with, this is an ideal opportunity to improve. Assessment and appraisal is a troublesome issue. Be that as it may, the organization must think about the procedure and address shortcomings. Removal: In this stage, plans are created for disposing of framework data, equipment and programming in making the change to another framework. The reason here is to appropriately move, chronicle, dispose of or devastate data, equipment and programming that is being supplanted, in a way that forestalls any chance of unapproved exposure of touchy information. The removal exercises guarantee appropriate movement to another framework. Specific accentuation is given to appropriate safeguarding and documented of information prepared by the past framework. The entirety of this ought to be done as per the associations security prerequisites. The entirety of the above is important for legitimate end client plan of programming. On the off chance that we didn't have this procedure, at that point frameworks would get outdated and in productive. http://csrc.nist.gov/distributions/nistbul/april2009_system-advancement life-cycle.pdf

The scope of Egyptian Mathematics essays

The extent of Egyptian Mathematics papers Arithmetic is a propelled science that is associated with every other science and parts of study. The antiquated Egyptians were conceivable the principal human progress to rehearse the logical expressions. Antiquated Egyptians had a propelled comprehension of science, in light of the fact that there are overpowering models in designing, cosmology and directors would not have been conceivable. Traditional Greeks accepted science to have been developed in Egypt. (Fauvel 14) There are a wide range of perspectives on the inception of Egyptian arithmetic accepted to be pragmatic need instead of scholarly intrigue. One old style Greek perspective is from Proclus fifth century AD: As indicated by most records geometry was first found among the Egyptians, taking its inception from estimation of zones. For they thought that it was important by reason of the ascending of the Nile, which cleared out everybodys legitimate limits. Nor is there anything amazing in that the disclosure both of this and of different sciences ought to have its birthplace in a useful need, since everything which is in procedure of turning out to be advances from the blemished to consummate. In this way the progress from observation to thinking and from thinking to comprehension is characteristic. Similarly as precise information on numbers got its cause among Phoenicians by reason of exchange and agreements, even so geometry was found among the Egyptians for previously mentioned reason.(Fauvel 21) Thusly, the extent of old Egyptian science more likely than not been incredible by case of their engineering, government, financial matters, their plan of broad water system trenches, the association of their armed forces, the structure of seagoing boats, the imposing and assortment of duties and the correct association of a progress that existed effectively, for all intents and purposes unaltered, for a considerable length of time longer than that of some other country in written history. Our first information on the science of antiquated Egypt, originates from two essential ancien... <!

Credit Markets Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Credit Markets - Research Paper Example The subsequent stage in the treasury closeout process is the offering procedure, which involves the planned purchasers of the credit things making the offers, either through a procedure of serious or noncompetitive offering (Treasurydirect.gov, n.p.). The serious offering permits the planned purchasers to offer their offers seriously up to the most extreme restricted measure of protections, while in the noncompetitive offering; the imminent purchasers need to concur with the particulars of the offer of the protections as set. The last procedure in the treasury sell off procedure is the issuance stage, which is where the bidders who effectively offer and were designated protections in various classifications have the protections conveyed to them. At the point when treasury conveys the protections to the bidders, it at that point charges the aggregate sum of the expense of protections on the records of the fruitful bidders (Treasurydirect.gov, n.p.). 2. Talk about the exercises of other major new obligation protections issuances (office, metropolitan, outside, and others) from gathered articles, including lead underwriter(s), the measure of each issue, and other revealed terms. Major new obligation protections issuances have been happening in the USA credit advertise. Among the major new issuances in 2015 incorporate the issuance of protections worth $483.615 million by the Washington Municipal (Thomson Reuters, n.p.). The Washington Municipal protections were to begin with gave on February 10, 2015, with the Foster Pepper being the financiers and furthermore the accountants (Thomson Reuters, n.p.). Another new security issuance incorporates that of the Michigan Finance Authority worth 197.535 million, which was given on February 13 of this current year, with the J P Morgan Securities LLC., being the financiers (Thomson Reuters, n.p.). On the mechanical front, OHR Pharmaceutical gave new protections worth $25.0 million on fifth February of this current year, with Cowen Group being the financiers (Thomson

How to Handle Criticism With Social Anxiety Disorder

How to Handle Criticism With Social Anxiety Disorder Social Anxiety Disorder Coping Print Handling Criticism With Social Anxiety Disorder By Arlin Cuncic Arlin Cuncic, MA, is the author of Therapy in Focus: What to Expect from CBT for Social Anxiety Disorder and 7 Weeks to Reduce Anxiety. Learn about our editorial policy Arlin Cuncic Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on June 28, 2016 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on November 21, 2019 Social Anxiety Disorder Overview Symptoms & Diagnosis Causes Treatment Living With In Children Ekaterina Beznosova / EyeEm / Getty Images People with social anxiety disorder (SAD) are irrationally fearful of criticism and rejection. You may worry constantly that others are thinking negatively about you or that they do not like you.   The main focus of cognitive therapy is to convince you that your fears are unfoundedâ€"and that people are much less critical and rejecting than you expect. However, some of the time, you will experience criticism and rejection, and it is important to be able to cope. Assertive Defense of the Self In a newsletter published by the International Association for Cognitive Psychotherapy, anxiety expert Dr. Christine Padesky described a unique treatment approach for SAD. Padesky argued that the traditional focus of cognitive therapy only takes care of half of the problem for people who suffer from SAD. One of the main causes of anxiety is the overestimation of danger. For example, people with panic disorder are afraid of physical symptoms because they mean the start of a heart attack.  People with social anxiety disorder (SAD) are afraid that they will be judged negatively because of their anxiety in social situations.   Cognitive therapy shows you how your fears may be unfoundedâ€"that people are not as judgmental as you think. However, sometimes people will be judgmental. If you are not prepared to cope with judgment and rejection, then you will still be afraid that social and performance situations could end badly. Padesky describes a way to increase coping skills by exposing the person with SAD to harsh judgment during role-playing in therapy sessions. Through this process, you are able to increase your self-confidence and learn how to better cope with criticism and rejection. How to Practice Assertive Defense of the Self Padesky describes the typical steps that would be taken during therapy to increase confidence. Although this process is best done with a therapist, it is also possible to work on these steps on your own. Below is a description of how to work on this as a self-help project. Step 1. Identify automatic thoughts  you have about critical things that other people might say about you. Make a list of all of the possible things that you might hear. Step 2. Create a list of responses. This step, called the assertive defense of the self, involves coming up with a confident and assertive reaction to each of the possible criticisms. Below is an example of how this might look: Critical Thought: You are shaking. Is there something wrong with you? Assertive Response: My hands are shaking because I am anxious. Some people are afraid of heights; I get anxious when I am around people. It doesnt make me any different than anybody else. In fact, a lot of people have this fear. Its just that nobody talks about it. During therapy, Padesky would role play with the client. As the therapist, she would play a critical role, and ask her client to come back with assertive responses. She argues that this in-therapy practice is important because, in real life, actual overt criticism is few and far between. Sample Role-Playing Session In the article, she describes what the final session of role-playing might look like: Therapist: Youre shaking. Is something wrong? Client: Not really. Im just anxious, thats all. Therapist: Why are you anxious? Client: I get anxious in social situations. Therapist: YOU DO? Whats wrong? Are you crazy or something? Client: No, Im not crazy. I have social anxiety. Therapist: Social anxiety? Sounds crazy to me! Client: Maybe you arent familiar with it. But its quite common. It doesnt mean Im crazy. Therapist: You may not think so. But I think youre pretty weird if you shake like this. Client: I can understand how it might seem weird if youre not familiar with it. But Im not crazy. Therapist: I dont know. I think you must be nuts. Client: Im sorry you dont understand. But Im not nuts. When this role-play eventually takes place, the person with social anxiety usually reports feeling irritated by the critical voice rather than shamed by it. Silence Your Inner Critic One way to practice this process on your own is to argue against the critical voice that is already in your head. Do this first at home when you are not in social or performance situations until you are able to easily defend yourself against your criticisms. Then, once you feel in control, try practicing in real-life situations, imagining the critical voice of others. You might even try exaggerating your symptoms or seeking out rejection, just so that you can practice your coping skills. Padesky suggests having your hands shake in front of you while making eye contact, or deliberately asking a neighbor over for coffee who is obviously too busy to talk with you. The goal of this process is to develop a more confident and assertive way of coping with potential rejection and negative judgment. By exposing yourself to criticism and rejection, you will learn that you can cope.

How to Handle Criticism With Social Anxiety Disorder

How to Handle Criticism With Social Anxiety Disorder Social Anxiety Disorder Coping Print Handling Criticism With Social Anxiety Disorder By Arlin Cuncic Arlin Cuncic, MA, is the author of Therapy in Focus: What to Expect from CBT for Social Anxiety Disorder and 7 Weeks to Reduce Anxiety. Learn about our editorial policy Arlin Cuncic Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on June 28, 2016 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on November 21, 2019 Social Anxiety Disorder Overview Symptoms & Diagnosis Causes Treatment Living With In Children Ekaterina Beznosova / EyeEm / Getty Images People with social anxiety disorder (SAD) are irrationally fearful of criticism and rejection. You may worry constantly that others are thinking negatively about you or that they do not like you.   The main focus of cognitive therapy is to convince you that your fears are unfoundedâ€"and that people are much less critical and rejecting than you expect. However, some of the time, you will experience criticism and rejection, and it is important to be able to cope. Assertive Defense of the Self In a newsletter published by the International Association for Cognitive Psychotherapy, anxiety expert Dr. Christine Padesky described a unique treatment approach for SAD. Padesky argued that the traditional focus of cognitive therapy only takes care of half of the problem for people who suffer from SAD. One of the main causes of anxiety is the overestimation of danger. For example, people with panic disorder are afraid of physical symptoms because they mean the start of a heart attack.  People with social anxiety disorder (SAD) are afraid that they will be judged negatively because of their anxiety in social situations.   Cognitive therapy shows you how your fears may be unfoundedâ€"that people are not as judgmental as you think. However, sometimes people will be judgmental. If you are not prepared to cope with judgment and rejection, then you will still be afraid that social and performance situations could end badly. Padesky describes a way to increase coping skills by exposing the person with SAD to harsh judgment during role-playing in therapy sessions. Through this process, you are able to increase your self-confidence and learn how to better cope with criticism and rejection. How to Practice Assertive Defense of the Self Padesky describes the typical steps that would be taken during therapy to increase confidence. Although this process is best done with a therapist, it is also possible to work on these steps on your own. Below is a description of how to work on this as a self-help project. Step 1. Identify automatic thoughts  you have about critical things that other people might say about you. Make a list of all of the possible things that you might hear. Step 2. Create a list of responses. This step, called the assertive defense of the self, involves coming up with a confident and assertive reaction to each of the possible criticisms. Below is an example of how this might look: Critical Thought: You are shaking. Is there something wrong with you? Assertive Response: My hands are shaking because I am anxious. Some people are afraid of heights; I get anxious when I am around people. It doesnt make me any different than anybody else. In fact, a lot of people have this fear. Its just that nobody talks about it. During therapy, Padesky would role play with the client. As the therapist, she would play a critical role, and ask her client to come back with assertive responses. She argues that this in-therapy practice is important because, in real life, actual overt criticism is few and far between. Sample Role-Playing Session In the article, she describes what the final session of role-playing might look like: Therapist: Youre shaking. Is something wrong? Client: Not really. Im just anxious, thats all. Therapist: Why are you anxious? Client: I get anxious in social situations. Therapist: YOU DO? Whats wrong? Are you crazy or something? Client: No, Im not crazy. I have social anxiety. Therapist: Social anxiety? Sounds crazy to me! Client: Maybe you arent familiar with it. But its quite common. It doesnt mean Im crazy. Therapist: You may not think so. But I think youre pretty weird if you shake like this. Client: I can understand how it might seem weird if youre not familiar with it. But Im not crazy. Therapist: I dont know. I think you must be nuts. Client: Im sorry you dont understand. But Im not nuts. When this role-play eventually takes place, the person with social anxiety usually reports feeling irritated by the critical voice rather than shamed by it. Silence Your Inner Critic One way to practice this process on your own is to argue against the critical voice that is already in your head. Do this first at home when you are not in social or performance situations until you are able to easily defend yourself against your criticisms. Then, once you feel in control, try practicing in real-life situations, imagining the critical voice of others. You might even try exaggerating your symptoms or seeking out rejection, just so that you can practice your coping skills. Padesky suggests having your hands shake in front of you while making eye contact, or deliberately asking a neighbor over for coffee who is obviously too busy to talk with you. The goal of this process is to develop a more confident and assertive way of coping with potential rejection and negative judgment. By exposing yourself to criticism and rejection, you will learn that you can cope.

IT Career Field Research Paper - 550 Words

IT Career Field (Research Paper Sample) Content: IT Career FieldsName:Institution:IT Career Fields: Information SecurityThis paper looks at different Information Technology (IT) career tracks associated with the area of Information Security. More specifically, focus is placed on the job positions of Systems Security Administrator/ Associate and that of Systems Security Manager. It is understood that practicality and work experience are essential in demonstrating competence in Information Security career fields and IT in general. Additionally, information stands out as a most important resource for any given organization and so security threats to the same pose a major risk to be countered. As such, the policies, standards and technologies involved in information security remain highly relevant in both public and private sectors of todayà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s business environments, considering the threats posed by cyber crime and terrorism.The job of a Systems Security Administrator/ Associate is an entry-level position in the field of information security. Its description involves implementing security policies to safeguard organizationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s data from threats that could be related to viruses, hackers and other causes of systems crushes. Holders of this position also work to regularly test and scan security capabilities of organizationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s information systems concerning instances like identity theft and commercial fraud among many other issues that are associated with hackers.On the other hand, Systems Security managersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬ job description involves the creation; execution, control and coordination of system security policies, standards and procedures besides making sure the companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s information systems are serviceable and secure at the same time. They supervise assessments for systems vulnerabilities within an organization as a function of security systems management and breach investigation. Additionally, they are responsible for managing data backups, IT employee traini ng, development, and data recovery in case of damage. It is the duty of Systems Security managers to supervise Information Security subordinates who may be in-house or telecommunicating workers (Education Portal, 2014).For the entry level position of Systems Security Administrator, a Bachelors Degree in Computer/ Information Science is required. To progress to the position of Systems Security Manager, the former will be required to gain on-the-job experience of not less than 5 years in addition to acquiring some key certifications, which may include but are not limited to the following: * Certified Information Security Manager (CISM) * Certified Information Systems Security Professional (CISSP) * Certified Information Systems Auditor (CISA)Most Systems Security Managers secure a Masters in Computer/ Information Science (Hosler, 2011). Furthermore, it is vital for the administrator or associate to demonstrate enhanced proficiency in computer tools and applications that may include bu t are not limited to Cisco, Solaris, VMware, NTFS file systems, UNIX file systems, Oracle and Windows before climbing up the career ladder.Compensation associated with this career path is attractive (Hosler, 2011), for Systems Security Administrators, the average annual pay is about $70,000. For Systems Security Managers, the figure stands at around $120,000 per year. However, these figures vary with area, place, state or country (U.S Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2013). The ones indicated herein are estimated averages.Considering the required input in terms of Education and constant refreshing and learning of emergent security trends (Education Portal, 2014), there exist a notable number of pros and cons for this IT career path of Systems Security. As mentioned earlier, information forms a fundamental resource for any given organization; as such, Systems Security personnel are extremely important and invaluable in an organization. The requirement to renew certific...

Corperate Social Responsibility In Banking Institutions Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 27 Words: 8135 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Narrative essay Did you like this example? The field of corporate social responsibility has grown considerably making waves over the last decade. CSR itself is a multifaceted, complex phenomenon emerging as the line between businesses and society. A lot of businesses more than previously are becoming more active in contributing to society and this add to the financial decisions that are taken by these institutions. Social and environmental consequences have started affecting the financial decisions of many companies and are being weighed against economic gains and short-term profit against long-term prosperity by the businesses in order to maintain long-term sustainable growth and development. Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) issues are integrated in all aspects of business operations and explicit commitment to CSR is made in the vision, mission and value statements of most companies. CSR reports issued usually go beyond profit maximization to include companies and the environment. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Corperate Social Responsibility In Banking Institutions Finance Essay" essay for you Create order With regards to Ghana particularly, Ofori (2007) recognised that Ghanaian managers believe that operating in a community involves supporting the community through social programmes, beyond corporate philanthropy, to strategic actions that respond to the different needs of the communities in which businesses operate. Ghanaian managers seem to have positive attitudes toward CSR and these attitudes are largely influenced by both individual and societal ethical values. However, in a general sense, CSR is about the relationship of corporations with society as a whole, and the need for corporations to align their values with societal expectations (Atuguba and Dowuona-Hammond, 2006). Financial institutions, such as banks, do not produce hazardous chemicals or discharge toxic pollutants into the air, land or water and thus apparently they might be viewed as uninvolved with environmental issues (Cowton and Thompson, 2000). But through their financing practices they are supporting commercial activity that ultimately degrades the natural environment by (Smith, 1993). Sarokin and Schulkin, 1991 also believe that they act as facilitators by supplying the fund to support the production process which ultimately causes environmental degradation. Thus banks should admit the responsibility of indirect involvement in environmental damages and recognize their environmental responsibility, which is a part of their CSR, to strike a balance between economic and social goals to encourage the efficient use of resources. It is not just philanthropy and obeying the laws, rather an attempt to ensure their own sustainability and profitability (Wanless D, 1995). According to the classical capitalist theory, the primary managerial obligation is to maximize shareholders profit and its long term interest is not for a company to contribute to the society in which it operate since it contradicts the profit maximization theory. Friedman (1970) argues that in a free society, there is only one social responsibility of business, to utilize its resources and take on activities desired to increase profit so long as it stays within the set laws, which is to say it engages in open and free competition without dishonesty or fraud. However businesses are being encouraged to follow the traditional utilitarian focus on profits and give back to society. Additionally, businesses are being held accountable by all aspects of society on their social and environmental performances. The need for companies to undertake activities that might be considered as socially responsible has been a subject matter of academic study for decades. Cannon T. (1992) discuses the development of business involvement leading to post war reassessment of the nature of the relationship between society, business and government. He identifies the primary role of business in producing goods and services that society wants and needs. This traditional contract between business and society has changed over the years because of the addition of new social value responsibilities placed up on businesses. Some of these new social value responsibilities include: stricter compliance with local, state, federal, and international laws; social problems; human values; healthcare; pollution; quality of life; equal employment opportunities; sexual harassment; elimination of poverty; child care and elderly care; support of the arts and universities; and many others. Basically, each of these areas of soci al value responsibility can be placed in one or more of three broader categories or headings of social responsiveness, namely legal, moral ethical, and philanthropic.. In the same way, Wood D. J. (1991) states that the basic idea of Corporate Social Responsibility is with the intention that, business and society is interwoven rather than distinct entities. A socially responsible business is one that takes steps to adopt business practices and policies that goes beyond minimum legal requirements and contributes to the welfare of its key stakeholders. A company that adopts CSR therefore formulates a comprehensive set of policies, practice and programs that are integrated into the business operation and decision making processes throughout the company. The key dimensions of CSR are customers, employees, business partners, communities and investors. CSR is therefore how to manage these responsibilities. Each company responds in its own unique way to CSR issues. The degree and extent of their response is influenced by factors such as a specific companys size, the particular industry, the firms business culture, stakeholder demands and how historically progressive the company is and engaging in CSR. While some companies focus on single areas like the environment, others aim to integrate CSR in all aspects of their operations. However, for proper implementation, it should be aligned with the companys specific corporate objectives and core competencies. Most studies have shown that most companies do not partake in CSR but little had been done on the reasons why they do not partake in them. Similarly, no work had been done to evaluate the relationship that exists between Corporate Social Responsibility and the impact it has on Financial Performance if any. 1.3 RESEARCH QUESTIONS According to Punch (1998), research questions are important as they could help delineate the boundary of the research, hence ensuring constant focus on the topic under investigation. Research questions and research objectives are complementary to each other, as it is through answering the research questions that the objectives of the research will be met. Research questions and research objectives, therefore, should be read together as the former will lead to the latter. With that explanation, the research questions for this study are as follows: The questions of the research are: What are the factors that influence a firms decision to undertake CSR? What determine whether there is a relationship between CSR and Financial Performance? 1.6 SCOPE OF THE STUDY The study was limited to the Banking institution listed on the Ghana Stock Exchange over a five year period from 2007-2011. The scope was narrowed to the Ghana Stock Exchange because: Availability of information on listed companies, since certain disclosures are required by law. It is representative of the major banking institutions It has stringent criteria, thus, all companies listed are credible. It is a high performing stock exchange; it ranked first worldwide in 2003. 1.7 LIMITATIONS The likely limitations this study encountered included the following: The historically nature of financial accounting information that was used could make the results inaccurate. Poor questionnaire response on the part the company. Unavailability of information (financial reports of some of the companies over the five year period). Generalization problems will or might arise since the banking institutions listed on the exchange market represent just a small percentage of the number of banks in Ghana and hence certain financial institutions might not be represented. 1.8 STRUCTURE OF THE RESEARCH WORK The organization of the research was in five main chapters. Chapter One: This chapter was intended to introduce the study and try to give an in-depth look at CSR. The problem statement, objectives, methodology as well as the significance of the study will also be incorporated in this section. The chapter provided a total overview and a guide on the structure of the research work. Chapter Two: This chapter brought up the literature review which took a look at the work done by other researchers in this field, their theories and how this study supplemented those findings to help develop a conceptual framework. Chapter three disclosed the methodology of the study. It also considered the various methods that will be employed to collect data and presentation, justification for those methods and data analysis techniques. Chapter Four: This chapter gave an in-depth analysis of the data that was collected. It also interpreted and discussed the findings in line with the objectives of the study . Chapter Five: This chapter summarized the research findings upon which necessary conclusions were drawn as well as recommendations made. 1.9 CONCLUSION OF THE CHAPTER Chapter 1 has set the context of the research from two broad perspectives paradigmatic and scholarly stance; and practitioners points of view. Accordingly, the overriding objectives, scope and limitations of the research were discussed. Having established and justified the foundation and the background of the study, Chapter 2 began a review of the literature in relation to the studys research problems. CHAPTER TWO 2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Introduction According to Brown (1996), the essence of literature is to guide the researcher to expose him/her to various works on the topic. The purpose of this chapter is to review the literature on and probably bring out gaps from the view point of previous researchers and practitioners. Various emerging trends in the field of co-operate social responsibility and financial institution in Ghana are delved into, to help identify shortfalls in the literature and direct research efforts, aimed at ensuring effective and efficient adoption of co-operate social responsibility in Ghana. In the contemporary globally competitive market companies must portray themselves as socially responsible companies. Through globalization companies pursue growth, and active involvement in socially beneficial programs provides competitive advantages to the company in pursuing such goals. Companies operating in multiple nations are often required to play a significant role in social issues of the respective nations, otherwise government regulations, environmental restrictions; labour exploitation issues and more can cost companies millions of dollars. Under these circumstances, Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) can increase both long term profitability and sustainability of the company as well as enhance the reputation of the organization. The last three decades have seen a mounting pressure on companies to engage in CSR. Among most global companies, some simply view CSR as a costly hindrance, while a few have managed to use Corporate Social Responsibilities methodologies as a strategic approach to obtain public support for their presence in the global markets. Nevertheless, this helps the companies to uphold a competitive advantage by using its social contributions. Researchers around the world, over the past few decades, have reported positive, negative, mixed and neutral impact of CSR on Corporate Financial Performance (CFP). Building upon this premise, the objective of this study is to draw a conceptual framework for examining the direction of the linkage between corporate social responsibility and corporate financial performance and apply the framework on the banking sector in Bangladesh in order to examine the impact of CSR on CFP in this sector. The concept of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) in its present form originated in 1950ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€¦Ã‚ ¸s when Bowen, 1953 wrote on The Social Responsibilities of a Businessman. He defined CSR as the obligations of businessmen to pursue those policies, to make those decisions, or to follow those lines of action which are desirable in terms of the objectives and values of our society. (Carroll, 1999). Since then the notion of CSR has come to dominate the society-business interface and many theories and approaches have been proposed. With respect to CSR and firmÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€¦Ã‚ ¸s financial performance, the literature consists of three principal strands: (i) the existence of a positive correlation between CSR and financial results (ii) the lack of correlation between CSR and financial results; and (iii) the existence of a negative correlation between CSR and financial results. Some proponents of the first strand (Soloman and Hansen, 1985; Pava and Kraus z, 1996; Preston and OÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€¦Ã‚ ¸Bannon, 1997; Griffin and Mahon, 1997) find that investment in Corporate Social Responsibility have a big return in terms of image and overall, financial result; the related benefits, in fact are bigger than the related costs. Literature reveals the existence of many positive externalities that are linked to CSR in its bid to respond to stakeholdersÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€¦Ã‚ ¸ requirements. Clarkson, (1995) and Waddock and Graves, (1997) believe that satisfying the interest of stakeholders (shareholders, employees, suppliers, community, environment and so on) and being accountable to them may actually have a positive impact on all firm dimensions, particularly financial performance. Positive reputations have often been linked to positive financial returns. Roberts and Dowling, (2002); Fombrun, Gardberg and Barnett (2000); Porter and Van Der Linde (1995) and Spicer (1978), posit that CSR initiatives can lead to reputation advantage as improvements in invested trust, new market opportunities and positive reactions of capital market would enhance The idea of the second group of theorists is that there is no relationship between corporate social responsibility and corporate financial performance (McWilliams and Siegel, 2000; Ullmann, 1985; Aupperle, Carrol and Hatfield 1985; Waddock et al., 1997). Waddock et al., (1997) explain that a neutral relation may suggest that many variables in the relation between social and financial performance make the connection coincidental. McWilliams et al., (2000) find that the firms supplying corporate social responsibility products to their own customers have a different demand curve compared to those with no corporate social responsibility. Ullmann (1985) underlines that no clear tendency can be recorde d between connections on social information, social performance and economic results. The main reason for this appears to be the theoryÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€¦Ã‚ ¸s inadequacy, inappropriate keyword definitions and lack of empirical materials. It was observed that important aspects are not just social performance and economic but also information about social performance and that only a few studies have analyzed this three-dimensional relation. Other studies highlight corporate social responsibility and performance, both in the short term-on the basis of Abnormal return measure and market actions-and in the long term (Aupperle et al.,1985). Finally, the idea of that negative relationship exists between CSR and financial performance is focused on empirical studies and contributions that refer to managerial opportunism hypotheses. Preston et al., (1997) point out that manager can reduce investments in corporate social responsibility in order to increase short term profitability (and, in this way, their personal compensation). This point seems to be really interesting, due to the fact that other authors (Barnea and Rubin, 2006) suggest the existence of an opposite trend linked to the same phenomena (Managerial opportunism). organisations financial performance. Waddock et al., (1997) assumed that companies with responsible behavior may have a competitive disadvantage, since they have unnecessary costs. These cost, fall directly on the bottom line and would necessarily reduce shareholders profits and wealth. Both short term analyses based on measuring abnormal returns (Wright and Ferris, 1997), Market measures and long term studies (Vance, 1975) have negative relationship between performance and corporate social responsibility. Pragmatic studies of the relationship between Corporate Social Responsibility and financial performance encompass essentially two types. The first uses the event study methodology to assess the short-run financial impact (abnormal returns) when firms engage in either socially responsible or irresponsible acts (Wright et al., 1997; Posnikoff, 1997; McWilliams et al., (1997). The second type of study examines the relationship between some measure of corporate social performance (CSP) and measures of long term financial performance, by using accounting or financial measures of profitability (Cochran and Wood, 1984; Aupperle et al., 1985; Waddock et al.,1997). The relationship between corporate social responsibility and corporate financial performance has been studied intensively with mixed results. In a survey of 95 empirical studies conducted between 1972-2001, Margolis et al., (2001), report that: When treated as an independent variable, corporate social performance is found to have a positive relationship to financial performance in 42 studies (53%), no relationship in 19 studies (24%), a negative relationship in 4 studies (5%), and a mixed relationship in 15 studies (19%). In general, when the empirical literature assesses the link between social responsibility and financial performance the conclusion is that the evidence is mixed. Measuring CSR has always been a difficult task as there is little consensus about which measurement instrument to apply. In many cases, subjective indicators are used. Similarly, measuring financial performance is equally difficult as there is little consensus about which measurement instrument to apply. Many researchers use market measures (Alexander and Buchholz, 1978; Vance, 1975), others put forth accounting measures (Waddock et al., 1997; Cochran et al., 1984) and some adopt both of these (McGuire, Sundgren and Schneeweis, 1988). These two measures, which represent different perspectives of how to evaluate a firmÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€¦Ã‚ ¸s financial performance, have different theoretical implications (Hillman and Keim, 2001) and each is subject to particular biases (McGuire et al., 1988). The use of different measures, needless to say, complicates the comparison of the results of different studies (Tsoutsoura, 2004). In line with previous researches (Brammer, Brooks and Pavelin, 2006; Fiori, et al., 2007), the study adopt the first three measures of social performance: community performance, employee performance (health and safety, training and development, equal opportunities policies, equal opportunity systems, employee relations, systems for job creation and job security) and environmental performance (policies, management systems, and reporting) social measures. Corporate social responsibility (CSR) is influenced by how businesses align their values and behaviour with the expectations and needs of stakeholders not just customers and investors, but also employees, suppliers, communities, regulators, special interest groups and society as a whole. CSR describes a companys commitment to be accountable to its stakeholders. CSR is a growing term that still does not have a standard definition or a fully recognized set of specific criteria. CSR is generally understood to be the way a company attains a balance or integration of economic, environmental, and social imperatives while at the same time addressing shareholder and stakeholder expectations, with the understanding that businesses play a key role on job and wealth creation in society. Corporate social responsibility (CSR) has become a prominent topic in the both business and academic press. Nevertheless, opinions differ as to whether a firms CSR activity provides any economic benefits. According to Frankental (2001) CSR is a vague and intangible term which can mean anything to anybody, and therefore is effective without meaning. On the other hand, The Commission for the European Communities (2001) defines CSR as a concept whereby companies integrate social and environmental concerns in the business operations and in their interactions with their stakeholders on a voluntary basis. According to Wood (1991), the basic idea of CSR is that business and society are interwoven rather than distinct entities and for Mallenbaker (2006), CSR is about how companies manage the business process to produce an overall positive impact on society. More generally, a distinction has been drawn between CSR seen as philanthropy as opposed to CSR as a core business activity (Jones et al., 2007). Carroll (1979) observed that the social responsibility of business encompasses the economic, legal, ethical, and discretionary expectations that society has of organizations at a given point in time. 2.2 Corperate Social Responsibility In Banking Institutions (Cowton and Thompson, 2000).stated that Financial institutions, such as banks, do not generate hazardous chemicals or discharge toxic pollutants into the air, land or water and thus apparently they might be viewed as uninvolved with environmental issues. But through their financing practices they are supporting commercial activity that ultimately degrades the natural environment (Smith, 1993). (Sarokin and Schulkin, 1991) also emphasised that Banks act as facilitators by supplying the fund to support the production process which eventually causes ecological degradation. This goes a long way to specify that banks should admit the responsibility of indirect involvement in environmental indemnity and be familiar with their municipal responsibility, which becomes part of its Corporate Social Responsibility. It also strikes a balance between social and economic goals to give confidence and make use of resources. Wanless 1995, affirmed that, it is not just philanthropist act and complying with the laws, rather an attempt to ensure their own sustainability and profitability. Involvement in environmental degradation will not only invite public criticism and negative customer reaction, but also might make regulations more stringent which can impair the bank profitability by curbing market for the commodities of its customers. Lenders can as well be held 1 For example, the Montreal protocol has banned the production of ozone-depleting substances, which is threatening for companies operating in that area and the banks financed these companies. These Banks should then be responsible for their customers environmental effects. 2. Thus banks have strong prudential reasons for trying to avoid lending in ways that expose them to environmental risk and have clear incentive to incorporating environmental criteria into the lending decision making process. In contrast, the status of environmental risk management by banks is not satisfactory in least developed countries like Bangladesh, largely due to inadequate existence and poor enforcement of existing laws and insufficient pressure from concern groups and the general public. In June 1997, Bangladesh Bank, the Central Bank of the country, asked all commercial banks (BRPD-No-12 dated 8.10.1997) to undertake necessary steps in light of the implementation of certain decisions with regard to environmental conservation and protection of environmental pollution by the National Environment Committee and implement the provisions of the 1995 Act Environment Conservation. Commercial banks are asked to ensure that steps have been undertaken to control environmental pollution before financing a new project or providing working capital financing to the existing enterprises. However, enforcements of these have been very weak in the country. Consequentially, environmental protection is not in the priority list of the banks in Bangladesh during lending and in other operations. A lot needs to be changed in terms of policies and mindsets, and in formulation of new and implementations of existing regulations. 2.3 Relationship between Corporate Social Responsibility and Financial Performance Some school of thought believes that there are two types of empirical studies on the relationship between Corporate Social Responsibility and Corporate financial performance (Clinebell and Clinebell, 1994; Worrell et al., 1991; Posnikoff, 1997; Hannon and Milkovich, 1996; Teoh et al., 1999; Wright and Ferris, 1997). Some studies uses the event study methodology to assess the short-run financial impact (abnormal returns) when firms engage in socially responsible or irresponsible acts and the results of these studies have been varied. Teoh et al. (1999) found no relationship between CSR and financial performance, Wright and Ferris (1997) found a negative relationship and Posnikoff (1997) reported a positive relationship; and McWilliams and Siegel (1997) studies are inconsistent on the relationship between CSR and short run financial returns. Through a broad-based index of corporate social performance, Waddock and Graves (1997) analyses whether there is a positive relationship between corporate social performance and financial performance and whether both be deficient in resource and high-quality management theory may be in force concurrently. Using the improved measurement version, they found that corporate social performance does depend on financial performance and that the sign of the relationship is positive. Researchers view that, corporate social performance is a kind of virtuous circle, there is a simultaneous relationship, and corporate social performance is both a predictor and consequence of company financial performance. McWilliams and Siegel (2000), found that, when research and development and industry factors are expelled, the coefficient on corporate social performance thus a measure of corporate social responsibility is confident and statistically important. Nevertheless, when research and development and industry factors are incorporated, the degrees of the coefficient reduce considerably and are no longer significant. Corporate Social Performance then shows a neutral effect on profitability. 2.4 Measuring Corporate Social Responsibility For measuring CSR there are two generally accepted methods. The first method is a reputation index, where knowledgeable observers rate firms on the basis of one or more dimensions of social performance. One reputation index was generated by Moskowitz (1972), who over a period of several years rated a number of firms as outstanding, honorable mention, or worst (Moskowitz, 1972). Content analysis is a second method of measuring CSR. More often than not, in content analysis the level of reporting of Corporate Social Responsibility activities is in different firms publications and particularly in their annual reports. Considered by these scholars, Abbott Monsen, 1979; Bowman and Haire, 1975; Ingram, 1978; Anderson Frankle, 1980). 2.5 Measuring Financial Performance General measures of financial performance fall into two broad categories: investor returns and accounting returns. The basic idea of investor returns is that, the return should be measured from the perspective of shareholders. Whereas, Accounting Return measures of financial performance focuses on how firm earnings respond to different managerial policies. Cowton and Thompson, (2000) looked at the Fleet Factors case of U.S.A., a lender was held liable for cleanup costs at a site owned by a defaulting client since it was adjudged to have been in a position to influence the firms business choice. Market performance measures by risk-adjusted return, or alpha, and total return are used by McGuire et al. (1988) as instrument of corporate financial performance. Accounting-based performance measures are return on assets (ROA), total assets, sales growth, asset growth, and operating income growth. The ratio of debt to assets, operating leverage, and the standard deviation of operating income were other accounting-based measures of risk. Waddock and Graves (1997) measured financial performance using three accounting variables: return on assets, return on equity, and return on sales, providing a range of measures used to assess corporate financial performance by the investment community. Earnings per share (EPS) or price/earnings (P/E) ratios are used in some studies as the most common measure of accounting returns (Bragdon and Marlin 1972). On the other hand, Cochran and Wood (1984), used three account returns measures: the ratio of operating earnings to assets, the ratio of operating earnings to sales, and excess market valuation. In addition to this, three other measures of financial performance are used by researchers: market-to-book ratio; accounting profit ratio (return on assets, return on equity, return on investment, and return on sales) and stock market returns. 2.6 Conclusion The researcher has conducted a comprehensive literature review on both direction of relationship between CSR and Corporate Financial Performance, and ways to measure them. The result of this review might be concluded in the following manner, and by drawing a conceptual framework as; Various empirical studies around the world have reported a positive, negative, mixed and neutral impact of corporate social responsibility (CSR) on corporate financial performance (CFP). Hence rather than having any preconceived idea on the direction of the relationship, there needs to be an open view on this: the linkage between CSR and Corporate Financial Performance (CFP) will depend on various factors, e.g., industry, location, size etc. Among the two common methods of measuring CSR, to the researcher is going to use a reputation index to measure the Corporate Social Performance in Bangladesh. It may be noted that there are no published source of knowledgeable observer rating of social performance. The researcher will have to develop a questionnaire and ask the knowledgeable observer to rate the firm on five dimensions of social performance. CHAPTER THREE 3.0 METHODOLOGY 3.1 INTRODUCTION Methodology is one of the most important elements in any research. Research methodology refers to the various steps adopted by a researcher in studying an issue or a problem with certain object in view. According to Blaxter All research involves the collection and analysis of data, whether through reading, observation, measurement, asking questions or combination of these or other strategies (Blaxter et al, 2002, p153). This chapter provided the scope, research questions, target population and sample, research approach, data collection and analysis procedures as well as the limitations of the research. This chapter dealt with: 3.2 The Research Design The study adopted both the quantitative and the qualitative research methods for the study to enable the researcher provide a narrative description of events as they unfold, and also, to present data in descriptive form. The researcher considered these methods appropriate in other to facilitate the collection of field data through observation and the analysis of descriptive data thus employing qualitative methods. A total of 21 days was spent in interviewing the various subjects and, also, observing trends of events as they unfolded in each of the bank. Data were collected in the form of tables (i.e. by way of percentages), Mathematical derivatives by way of linear equation and mathematical calculus were used in addition to the qualitative method if found prudence, Charts in the form of Pie charts, and in words through interview with key informants, and the review of documented materials. Direct observation and unstructured conversations were also employed in collecting data from the respondents. Since the study sought to investigate GCBs corporate social responsibility with regards to certain branches in its natural setting, and to provide information on its financial and economic significance, this approach was found appropriate. In order to achieve clarity of interpretation of data attempt was made in the report at reducing portions of the data collected to numerical symbols while other aspects were been described as they were observed or told. 3.3 Qualitative Research Method Best and Khan (1998) have explained that qualitative studies are those in which the description of observations is not ordinarily expressed in quantitative terms. It is not that numerical measures are never used but that other means of description are emphasized. This means that when the researcher gathers data by participant observation, interviews, and the examination of documentary materials, little measurement may be involved. In other words, the number of times an event occurs could be counted and the result presented in a tabular format. As such, observations were classified into discrete categories, yielding nominal level data. According to them, the three most used research instruments in qualitative research are in-depth interviews, observation, and document analysis. They asserted that, although some qualitative research includes limited quantification such as counting the number of occurrences of an event, in general, qualitative research interprets data without numerical analysis. Best and Khan cited Patton who stated that qualitative methods consist of three kinds of data collection: The in-depth, open-ended interviews; direct observation; and written documents. According to Patton, the data from interviews consist of direct quot ations from people about their experiences, opinions, feelings, and knowledge. The data from observations consist of detailed descriptions of peoples activities, action, and the full range of interpersonal interactions and organizational processes that are part of observable human experience. Document analysis in qualitative inquiry yields excerpts, quotations, or entire passages from organizational clinical or programme records; memoranda and correspondence; official publications and reports; personal diaries; and open-ended written responses to questionnaires and surveys. 3.4 The Quantitative Research Method Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill (1997), hold the view that quantitative data in a raw form convey little meaning to most people until such data are processed and analysed into meaningful information. According to them, quantitative analyses techniques such as graphs, charts, tables and statistics allow us to explore, present, describe and examine relationships and trends within the data. This implies that quantifiable data are those whose values are measured numerically as quantities. This means that quantitative method allows us to present data in a more precise format than categorical as each data value can be assigned a position on a numerical scale which allows the researcher to analyse data using a far wider range of statistics. In effect, the use of both the qualitative and the quantitative research methods as triangulation enhanced the analysis and presentation of the research data in a clear and concise manner. 3.4 Interview Some data were gathered through direct verbal interaction among individual bank officials According to Cohen and Marion (1994) the advantage of collecting data through the direct interaction form of interview is that it allows the researcher to have in-depth information than is the case with other methods of data collection. However, the researcher took cognizance of the fact that this form of interview also has a disadvantage in that it could be prone to subjectivity and bias on the part of the interviewer. Though unstructured, the researcher carefully planned the questions to ensure, as much as possible, that relevant information was obtained from the respondents. Part of the interviews conducted with the informants in Kumasi took place at the central market, offices and around the various bank premises. In some cases, the researcher interviewed the informants simultaneously in a focus group. This approach was chosen because the researcher realized that interaction among certain group of informants was more informative than individual conducted interviews. Also, the participants felt comfortable providing information in a group than alone. The informants consisted of traders, officials of the various banks, civil servants and public servants who transact various businesses within the Kumasi Metropolis. The researcher also made efforts to contact individuals who are experts in the banking and financial sector that were mentioned in the course of the interview. These include senior bank officials and renowned resource persons. The purpose of interviewing the various categories of subjects was to find out what they think or how they feel about Branch Networking and Deposit Mobilisation as provided by the Ghana Commercial Bank. This was to enable the researcher find out those things he could not directly observe. This was done informally in casual conversations. The interview did not involve any specific type or sequence of questions or any particular form of questioning. The primary intent of the interview, however, was to find out what the branch banks and their valued customers think and then compare the views of one individual client or institution with those of others. 3.6 Target Population The population for the study consisted of local traders, office workers, bank officials and international business men and women. These were individuals who have one or more characteristics in common that were of interest to the researcher (Best, 1998). The population consisted of 10 informants from 5 communities. However, only 30 per cent of the entire population was sampled. The criteria for the selection of the sample for observation and analysis were: They were active and retired persons who had transactions with GCB; they were part of the business community who engaged in deposit mobilization or engaged in promoting the activities of GCB in one way or the other. 3.7 Sampling Best and Khan (1998) pointed out that Sampling, a deliberate rather than haphazard method of selecting subjects for observation, enables the scientist to infer conclusions about a population of interest from the observed characteristics of a relatively small number of cases. This implies that the population of interest may be large such that the researcher will not be able to interview or observe the individual subjects. This calls for objectivity on the part of the researcher and the need for him to carefully select subjects that will provide him with accurate and relevant information that will enable him to infer accurate conclusions about the population (p. 25). 3.8 Sampling Techniques Though the simple random sampling technique and the systematic sampling technique were used in selecting the subjects for the study, the simple random sampling technique was adopted because it allowed the researcher to obtain a fair selection of each member of the population for interview and observation. In this case, members of each category of customers or subjects were given an equal chance during the interview. With regards to documentary analysis, the systematic sampling technique was used. This involved selecting sample documents systematically at regular intervals from the sampling frame. A total of 50 documented materials were examined. However, a sample size of 50% (25 documents) was used. For the purpose of selecting documents at regular intervals, a sampling fraction of 1/2 was employed to select the samples at a regular interval of every 2nd item. 3.9 Observation Best and Khan (1998) stated that When observation is used in qualitative research, it usually consists of detailed notation of behaviours, events, and the contexts surrounding the events and behaviours (253). In terms of observation, Franklen (2000) identified four different roles that a researcher can take: A researcher as complete participant, a researcher as participant-as-observer, a researcher as observer as-participant and a researcher as complete observer. According to him, when a researcher takes on the role of a complete participant in a group, his identity is not known to any of the individuals being observed. The researcher interacts with members of the group as naturally as possible, and for all intents and purposes. On the other hand, when a researcher chooses the role of participant-as-observer, he does not only participate fully in the activities in the group being studied, but also he makes it clear that he is doing research. Alternatively, the researcher may choose the role of observer-as-participant; in this case, the researcher identifies himself or herself straight off as a researcher, but makes no pretence of actually being a member of the group he or she is observing. In a situation where the researcher serves as a complete observer, he or she observes the activities of a group without, in any way, becoming a participant in those activities. This means that the subjects that the researcher is observing may or may not realize they are being observed. For the purpose of the study the researcher adopted the observer-as-participant technique. This implies that the researcher only observed how both the GCB and its clients transacted business as it unfolded in its natural settings without taking part in it. The researcher therefore carried out direct observation of transactions at the various branches. This approach was adapted to enable the researcher perceive, appreciate and document the salient features of the entire networking and deposit mobilization processes based on technical implications and its physical characteristics. Thus, the study focused on branch banks in terms of their operations, category of customers, type of deposit mobilization, effectiveness and efficiency of networking systems, and technical know-how for running the system. (Cohen, and Marion, 1994). 3.10 Field Data To gain access to the site, the researcher went through gatekeepers using the principle of informed consent. Cohen and Marion (1994) are of the view that much social research necessitates obtaining the consent and cooperation of subjects who are to assist in investigations and of significant others in the institutions or organizations providing the research facilities. According to them the principle of informed consent arises from the subjects right to freedom and self-determination. They cited Diener and Crandell (1978) who defined:informed consent as the procedures in which individuals choose whether to participate in an investigation after being informed of facts that would likely influences their decisions. This approach was adopted to enable the researcher gain access and acceptance to the area where the research was to be conducted and acceptance by those whose permission was needed before embarking on the research. This was done at the early stages in writing to formally inform the subjects. According to Cohen and Marion, informed consent involves three elements: Competence, Voluntarism, and Full information. Competence Competence in this context implies that responsible, mature individuals will make correct decisions if they are given the relevant information. Voluntarism Voluntarism entails applying the principle of informed consent and thus ensuring that participants freely choose to take part (or not) in the research voluntarily. Full information Full information in this sense implies that the consent of subjects is fully informed, though in practice it is often impossible for researchers to inform subjects on everything. Thus, prior to conducting the field research the researcher sought the consent of branch managers of institutions involved, Board of directors, heads of associations and other associated groups. The researcher first of all, wrote letters to inform the various bank institutions of his intents to conduct research among their clients and within their banking premises. He also kept in touch with them via the telephone. Finally, he went and met with the various branch executive members in person to ensure that their consent was really granted. Though the study focused on the activities of branch banks of GCB other financial institutions were also contacted for additional information. A total of forty two days were used to conduct the study in Kumasi in the months of June, July and August 2012. 3.11 Questionnaire Design For effective inquiry towards the collection of data from experts and other stakeholders at the the institution, the researcher constructed a five page formal questionnaire which was used to elicit relevant information from the population of study. The questionnaire comprised 18 questions in all to collect data from senior Bank officials and 7 from customers. 3.12 Collection of Primary/Secondary Data The Primary data were collected from stakeholders through personal informal interviews, and on-the-spot observation. The Secondary data were also collected from documentary sources such as journals, financial reports, published and unpublished financial reports from the officials of Ghana Commercial Bank both in Kumasi and Accra. 3.13 Profile of the Organisation Ghana Commercial Bank in Perspective Ghana Commercial Bank Limited, formerly Bank of Gold Coast was established in 1953 and charged with the provision of banking services to the emerging nation for socio economic development. In particular the bank was to pay special attention to the requirement of Ghanaian traders, businessmen and farmers who hitherto lacked the needed financial support from the then expatriate banks. In addition the bank was to function as a Central Bank. Upon Ghanas attainment of independence in 1957, the Bank of Ghana (BOG) was established to be responsible for the Central Bank needs of the country. The Bank of Gold Coast was then renamed Ghana Commercial Bank to focus mainly on commercial banking services. Ghana commercial Bank which was wholly owned by the Government of Ghana has grown remarkably to become the largest commercial bank in Ghana with a network of 133 branches and a subsidiary Development Finance and Holdings Limited. The extensive and well positioned branch network coupled with the competitively priced products established the bank as one of the market leaders in terms of Assets, Deposits and Business size. The situation remained so until the last few years. Bank Growth and Branches As the economy of Ghana developed, it became necessary to establish more branches to facilitate the opening up of the economy. Therefore in 1959, the bank opened a branch in London to cater for overseas transactions since the London branch was however to be taken over by the Government before the divestiture of the bank. This was because the British government argued that the license which established the bank was a sovereign one between the Ghana government and the British government and, as such, was not subject to divestiture. The British Government therefore offered to take back the license if the Ghana Government was not prepared to utilize it anymore. The Bank of Ghana subsequently took over the ownership of the London branch. Presently, the Bank of Ghana, Ghana Commercial Bank, Agricultural Development Bank, State Insurance Company and Social Security and Insurance Trust (SSNIT) are the shareholders. In 1961, the Bank of Ghana introduced a code of banking regulations that governed the conduct of foreign trade in Ghana under the Exchange Control Act, 1961. The Act empowered Banks including GCB to be authorized dealers in gold and external currency. GCB was therefore empowered to hold external currency through its subsidiary in London. The bank also opened a Lome subsidiary in 1971. The Lome subsidiary was expected to facilitate intra-African trade and economic co-operation. However, the Lome subsidiary had to be liquidated during the implementation of the Financial Sector Adjustment Programme (FINSAP) due to poor performance and partly as a result of strained relations between the Governments of Ghana and Togo. Currently Ghana Commercial Bank has a network of 133 branches and 10 agencies. It is also worth noting that the bank established a forex bureau during the onset of the FINSAP as a subsidiary to enable it to compete and maintain its customers. The forex bureau was subsequently liquidated as a result of pressures from the central bank. The bank presently has only one subsidiary, the Development Finance and Holdings Limited (DFHL). With development in Information and Communication Technology (ICT) the bank has successfully networked all 133 branches and 10 agencies and installed 50 Automated Teller Machines (A TMs) spread evenly across the entire network of the bank. Ownership Structure The ownership structure had been wholly (100%) by Government of Ghana until 1996 when part of the Government ownership was divested under the Financial Sector Adjustment Program (FINSAP) which was an integral part of the Economic Recovery Programme (ERP) and Structural Adjustment Programme (SAP). Under the divestiture, thirty percent (30%) of the shares were put on the Ghana Stock Exchange to the public and a further thirty percent was earmarked for a strategic investor. The initial share offer was oversubscribed. The current shareholding structure of the bank is as follows: Government of Ghana 34.31% Social Security and Nat. Insurance Trust (SSNIT) 30.02% Daniel Ofori 6.26% BBGN Sundry Investments 1.87% GCB Staff Provident Fund 0.92% Sundry Ghanaian Public 26.62% TOTAL 100% Source: Ghana Commercial Bank Annual Report 2008 The shares of the bank have since been trading on the Ghana Stock Exchange. This phenomenon transformed the bank into a new entity and with a name known as Ghana Commercial Bank Limited and with a new sense of responsibility towards all of its stakeholders. Services as Rendered by the Bank Besides the efficient payment and transfer mechanism that it facilitates, the bank also spearheads the development and growth of priority sectors of the economy Cocoa financing and marketing, crude oil import financing, road and infrastructure construction and tourism related projects. It has also engaged in financing timber processing for export to name only a few. Added to the banks lending to agricultural sector, is her involvement in the administration of Private Enterprise and Export Development Project for the promotion of non-traditional exports. Product line and Product Mix The operations of the bank as defined by the Bank of Gold Coast Ordinance of 1952, amended in 1957 and further amended under Ghana Commercial Bank Decree (NLCD 115), PNDC LAW 225 (1989) authorized the bank to carry on the business of banking in all aspects provided that it shall not at any one time in any manner or at any place do any act or thing in contravention of the provisions of the Banking Law (1989) PNDCL225 or any other statutory re-enactment thereof for the time being in force. The banks products can be grouped under 3 main headings: Domestic Retail Banking Services Under this category of services are: a) Current Accounts b) Savings Accounts including new savings products like the following, Kudi Nkosuo Account, Save and Prosper Account and Flexsave Account c) Fixed Deposits d) Negotiable Certificates of Deposit e) Registry Service share issues f) Account Relationship Services g) Sale and Purchase of Cedi Travellers Cheques h) Personal Loan, Personal Credit line, Consumer Credit Scheme i) Loans and Overdraft Facilities j) Performance Bonds and Guarantees k) Doorstep Cash Collection l) Cocoa Financing m) Ready cash or Automated Teller Services Foreign Banking Services Included in the range of services offered under this category are the following a) Foreign Cheque purchases (giving instant value) and foreign cheques for collection (giving value only after cheque has been confirmed paid by the paying bank) b) Foreign Deposit Accounts including Fodem Current Accounts, Fodem Savings Accounts and Fodem Investments c) Fast International Money Transfer d) Trade Payments and Financing Involving i) Documentary Letters of Credit guaranteed payment for imports and exports ii) Bills for Collection, sight and Term Bills instant and time related payment for exports e) Advance of Prepayment Services for special customers having foreign accounts. Other Special Services/ Packages Such special services include the following: a) Provision of short and medium term loans and advances to the productive sector b) Provision of Business Advisory Services c) Provision of term guarantees d) Foreign line of Credit e) Consortium financing Teaming up with other lending institutions to provide lending which is well beyond the capabilities of one individual bank. Organizational Structure The bank has a seven tier organizational structure which has at its apex an 11 member Board of Directors. Reporting directly to the Board is the Secretary to the Board and Heads of InspectionInternal Audit. Directly beneath the Board of Directors is the Managing Director who is assisted by two Deputies, one in charge of Finance and Administration and the other in charge of Operations. The Managing Director has a direct overseeing responsibility over the Chief Legal Officer and the General Manager, Risk Management Division. The above mentioned two Deputy Managing Directors in turn oversee the operations of 12 General Managers. The DMD Operations oversees the General Managers for Systems and Technology, Marketing, Branch Operations, Corporate Banking, International Trade Finance and the Small and Medium Enterprise Rural banking divisions. The DMD Finance oversees the General Managers for Planning and Research, Accounts, Treasury, Human Resource and Support Services Divisions. Staffing The bank started operations in 1953 with an initial staff strength of 27 consisting of two expatriate members who were Managing Director and Manager of the branch respectively. As the business of the bank expanded there arose the need to look for additional staff to augment the staff already engaged. The staff strength eventually peaked at over 6000 personnel in 1990. By 1993 however the staff strength had been reduced through a staff rationalization exercise to 3,789 employees with the current staff strength at 2160 3.14 Chapter Summary In summary the approach that had been chosen, which is using mixed approach, had met the requirement of the study and get the confidant of the researcher in analyzing the topic issue. In addition, it had improved the researcher knowledge about the current situation of co-operate social responsibilities practice in Ghana and enhanced his ability to carried further research in the future.

Lady Capulet in Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet Essay

Lady Capulet in Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet A woman during the 16th century did not have the freedoms that a woman today enjoys. During Shakespeare’s life wives were not allowed the independence they take pleasure in today. Therefore, the role of the mother for Juliet in Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet is not commanding or authoritative because of the time period Shakespeare lived. The role of a wife must be looked at in order to understand and appreciate Juliet’s mother. When a couple was married during the 16th century, Susan Amussen said it was the beginning of a partnership, but not one of equal proportions. The husband is awarded all the power in the family. He represents the family to the outside world and keeps the peace†¦show more content†¦As a woman, Lady Capulet can relate to how Juliet feels when she is told she is to marry Paris. However, as a wife, she cannot voice an opinion of who or when Juliet is to marry. She is experienced, and asks Juliet, Speak briefly: can you like of Paris’ love (1.3.98). Because she is the caretaker, she respects Juliet’s feelings, but she can do nothing, even if Juliet does not learn to love Paris. Perhaps she asks this question because her own mother never asked it. She may want to know her daughter’s opinion, because until a woman is married, she has all the rights of a man accor ding to Pitt. However, the father ruled over his daughter, and it was virtually impossible to remain unmarried while the father held all the decision making (14). An ideal wife during the 16th century, according to author Barnaby Rich is, A friend for pleasure, a servant for profit, a counselor to advise him, a comforter to cherish him, and a companion to solace him (115). That is exactly what Lady Capulet is to her husband. She is the one who has to inform Juliet about her wedding to Paris. Capulet has the power to choose whom their daughter will marry, but it is the wife who is given the job to tell Juliet. Capulet says, Go you to Juliet ere you go to bed. Prepare her, wife, against this wedding day (3.4.31-32). As the obeying wife of the time, she does as she is told.Show MoreRelatedTransformation of Juliet in Shakespeares The Tragedy of Romeo and Juliet976 Words   |  4 Pages  Ã‚   In William Shakespeares The Tragedy of Romeo and Juliet, love transforms Juliet. Early in the play, Juliet is a young girl who is very faithful to her family. After this young girl meets Romeo Montague, she begins to change. By the end of the play, Juli et is changed into a woman who is now very faithful to her husband, instead of her family. In the beginning of the play The Tragedy of Romeo and Juliet when Juliet is first introduced, she is introduced as a young girl who is very faithfulRead MoreRomeo And Juliet Character Analysis1351 Words   |  6 Pages‘The characters in Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet undergo significant changes throughout the course of the play.’ Discuss Perhaps one of the most intriguing aspects of Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet, pertains to the changes that the characters undergo. This is explored through Romeo and Juliet - two main protagonists living in Verona - who fall in love with each other, despite the great feud between their families. This significantly changes the lives of the majority of characters throughout theRead More Analysis of Act Three Scene Five of William Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet1540 Words   |  7 PagesAnalysis of Act Three Scene Five of William Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet William Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet is a dramatic tragedy, and was first performed in 1595. The novel is about two young lovers, Romeo Juliet and the struggle with their relationship. Romeo and Juliet are from opposing families, the Montagues and the Capulets. The conflict between their two families causes problems for their love of one another. Shakespeares main themes throughout the play are of love, conflictRead MoreWhy Is Act 5 Scene 3 Important in Shakespares Play Romeo Annd Juliet?1485 Words   |  6 PagesAct 3 scene 5 is a key scene in Romeo and Juliet as it is the scene in which the audience feel most involved. Her emotions have an effect on the audience. The audience is an important part in this scene because they know about the secret of their marriage and there parents don’t, Lord and Lady Capulet Lord and Lady Montague. In act three scene five Juliet’s emotions change dramatically from ecstatically happy to expressively sad. At the start of the scene Juliet’s emotions are confusedRead MoreRomeo and Juliet 5 Paragraph Essay1091 Words   |  5 PagesIn many literary works, there are methods that authors use to make a story better. In The Tragedy of Romeo and Juliet by William Shakespeare, dramatic irony is the driving method. Dramatic irony is something in which characters do not know something, but the reader or audience knows what the true reality is. According to some researchers, â€Å"A staple of Elizabethan and Shakespearean drama was dramatic irony† (Halio 25). Furthermore some researchers also belive that dramatic irony is very prominentRead MoreSympathy for Juliet in Act 3, Scene 5 of William Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet657 Words   |  3 PagesSympathy for Juliet in Act 3, Scene 5 of William Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet William Shakespeare uses many techniques of sympathy for Juliet. Romeo and Juliet are from two different families, Romeo is a Montague and Juliet is a Capulet, The Capulet family and Montague family are worst enemies but Romeo and Juliet mistakenly fall in love at first sight at a fancy dress party held by the Capulet family which Romeo and a few friends secretly walked into whilst in costumeRead MoreEssay about Dramatic Irony in Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet877 Words   |  4 PagesWilliam Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet is a tragic story about two lovers who are from two disputing families, and their eventual suicides. Shakespeare uses dramatic irony throughout the play to create tension for the audience and foreshadow the ending. Dramatic irony is when the words or actions of characters in a story have a different meaning to the reader than to the characters. This is because the reader knows something that the characters do not. Romeo and Juliet’s death could have been preventedRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Romeo And Juliet979 Words   |  4 Pagesthe play Romeo and Juliet by William Shakespeare, a literary canon, supplies its audience with knowledge and understanding. Shakespeare’s mix of romance, tragedy, and comedy makes Romeo and Juliet a definite worthy read. The play gives knowledge to audie nce members about family dynamics, and Shakespeare’s rendition of themes. Furthermore giving an understanding about the illusions Shakespeare’s canon planted and nurtured in the literary world and others perception. Romeo and Juliet, the firstRead MoreRomeo and Juliet - Juliet, Film-Play Comparison926 Words   |  4 PagesExplore the ways in which Romeo and Juliet are presented in this scene and elsewhere in Shakespeare’s play, and the performed versions. Shakespeare’s play ‘Romeo and Juliet’ is set in Verona. The feud between the Montague family and the Capulet family reaches a climax when Juliet’s cousin Tybalt, a Capulet, is killed by Romeo, a Montague. Romeo and Juliet are first seen as very different characters, but later in the play, we realise that these two characters are not as different as we thoughtRead MoreJuliets Nurse Is the Difference Between William Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet and Arthur Brookes The Tragicall History of Romeus and Julie703 Words   |  3 PagesA key difference between William Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet and Arthur Brookes The Tragicall Historye of Romeus and Juliet is the character and role of Juliets Nurse. In Shakespeares rendition of Brookes poem, the Nurse prides herself for raising Juliet (Act I, scene iii, 16-48). She even feels as though she is above Lady Capulet because she breast-fed Juliet, something that Lady Capulet would never do. The Nurse has essentially raised Juliet and helped shape her into the teenager she is

Ethnicity, Culture And Alcohol Analysis And Cultural...

Ethnicity, Culture and Alcohol Analysis and Cultural Competence in with Diverse Groups Introduction Attempting to treat individuals that have alcohol related issues requires a depth of knowledge and skill, specifically, when providing care to individuals of differentiating ethnic and cultural backgrounds. The National on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA) article discusses a multitude of resourceful information that is related to ethnicity, culture, and alcohol. Procuring detailed information that defines and discusses ethnicity, race, culture, cultural identification, ethnoculturally competence, and cultural competence provides a solid foundation for the beginner, intermediate, and expert clinician reading this material. This paper explores and offers an explanation of the author’s efforts to convey a clear, compelling and cogent message, the NIAAAs use of relevant sources to substantiate perspectives assumed, claims made and positions taken, and recommended strategies regarding suggested improvements to this article. The Three C’s The NIAAAs effort to convey a clear, compelling, and cogent message was received positively. Initially, the article has a lengthy informational background, complete with detail that gives a substantial overview discussing history and background information surrounding NIAAAs main objective. Practicing clinicians must have the capability to differentiate between race, ethnicity and culture, these terms will allow them the best opportunity toShow MoreRelatedA Cultural Competency Toolkit : Ten Grant Sites Share Lessons Learned ( 2001 ) Essay1264 Words   |  6 Pages Overall, the CLAS policy appears to be designed to address the needs of providing cultural competence to members of traditionally under-represented groups (e.g. African Americans, Hispanic Americans, homeless, etc.). The only recommendations that I would make would be that the policy provide clear guidelines on how to account for those who are of immigrant status for whom data may not be collected when assessing the effectiveness of the implementation of the standards. Also, thereRead MoreCreative Learning Through Cultural Competency3271 Words   |  14 Pagesfor Alcohol and Other Drug Use in a Culturally Competent Manner Background Schools of Nursing prepare their graduates to meet the needs of diverse patient populations by providing cultural competency education. An integral component in undergraduate education, cultural competency in nursing, supports patient-centered care addressing patients’ cultural differences, values, spiritual, ethnic, gender, and sexual orientation preferences. The goals of providing educational sessions on cultural diversityRead MoreThe Diversity Of The Health Care Organization1307 Words   |  6 Pagescontinuously throughout the world. People with a different race, color, ethnicity, educational status and others are everywhere around the world hence diversity in the health care is a crucial factor in terms of patient-centered care. All the health care organization need to develop specific program to increase awareness regarding variety of cultures, cultural issues and provide provision of services oriented to patient’s culture such as food and clothes based on pati ents preferences, which not onlyRead MoreTreatment Of Treatment For Addiction1859 Words   |  8 PagesThe world is filled with a diverse array of cultures and ethnicities, and these are surrounded by biases that developed over generations. The current events in the news show that there is still a strong issue in the United States with regards to someone’s race and sexual orientation. This is not to say that everyone maintains the same biases within their respective cultures, but nevertheless the stigmas associated with certain types of people tend to linger. With regards to ethnic background nearlyRead MoreCulture and Diversity in Nursing: Cultural Assessment1752 Words   |  8 PagesCulture and Diversity in Nursing Amanda M. Jones Trinity Valley Community College Associate Degree Nursing Level II January 16, 2015 Culture and Diversity in Nursing Cultural Assessment With there being such a plethora of cultures in the world, there are so many different beliefs and practices involving health and wellness, that almost everyone has a different definition of health, and different views on disease and illness in general. My definition of health involves many differentRead MoreAmerican Indian Behavioral Health Assessment Instruments4140 Words   |  17 PagesAmerican Indians should employ a culturally relevant approach. Cultural-specificity is essential for understanding beliefs, values, and first language colloquial speech. Cultural-specific assessment information can enhance our understanding of the client’s symptoms and the need for other appropriate evaluation techniques. Client assessment practice within Indian Health Services (IHS) supports multi-culturalism, cultural competence, and sets the precedence for Tribal agencies to follow. Most TribalRead MoreAdvancing Effective Communicationcommunication, Cultural Competence, and Patient- and Family-Centered Care Quality Safety Equity53293 Words   |  214 PagesAdvancing Effective Communication, Cultural Competence, and Patient- and Family-Centered Care A Roadmap for Hospitals Quality Safety Equity A Roadmap for Hospitals Project Staff Amy Wilson-Stronks, M.P.P., Project Director, Health Disparities, Division of Quality Measurement and Research, The Joint Commission. Paul Schyve, M.D., Senior Vice President, The Joint Commission Christina L. Cordero, Ph.D., M.P.H., Associate Project Director, Division of Standards and Survey Methods, The JointRead MoreRelationship Between Child Abuse and Delinquency2567 Words   |  11 Pagesunexpectedly causing them to become aggressive and harming others. If these emotions are not dealt with right away it will carry on to their adulthood where they will struggle with issues such as anger and depression which then can lead to drugs and alcohol. The effects of abuse can continue on in a variety of ways but this is only a handful of effects that can occur. III. Role of Professional Social Worker in addressing the issue A social worker, whether protective or one who has other job functionsRead MoreBrazil Beer Industry Essay5604 Words   |  23 PagesScottish Alcohol Company to enter and trade within the South American country of the Federative Republic of Brazil. Documented and analysed are the concept of the overall environment of both the European and South American regions, detailing the many facets and characteristics present that may help or hinder possible market penetration into the area. Furthermore, also displayed is the potential engagement of both countries through am alcohol based product. Additionally, shown, is the culture of bothRead MoreThe Effects of Culture and Ethnicity on Tobacco Prevention and Cessation5317 Words   |  21 PagesCDC, 2007; CDC, 2010; Current Tobacco Use, 2011). Cultural competency - Definition Cultural competence describes the capability to have interaction successfully with individuals of various cultures, especially within the perspective of human resources, charitable not-for-profit agencies, and government departments whose staff work together with individuals from various cultural/ethnic backdrops (Martin and Vaughn, 2007). Cultural competence consists of 4 elements: (a) Understanding of ones