Alice Walker Essay -- essays research papers

dress hat known for her Pulitzer Prize-winning novel The Color Purple, Alice perambulator portrays drear women struggling for sexual as well as racial equality and emerging as strong, fictive individuals. Walker was born on February 9, 1944, in Eatonton, Georgia, the eighth child of Willie Lee and Minnie Grant Walker. When Walker was eight, her good eye was injured by one of her brothers, resulting in permanent damage to her eye and facial disfigurement that isolated her as a child. This is where her feminine heyday of view first emerged in a sept where girls were forced to do the domestic chores unaided by the brothers. Throughout her writing career, Alice Walker has been involved in the black movement and displays strong feelings towards the respect black women get. In 1961, Walker entered Spelman College, where she joined the Civil Rights Movement. Two years aft(prenominal) graduating in 1965, she married Melvyn Leventhal, a Jewish civil rights lawyer afterward, they work ed together in Mississippi, registering blacks to vote. In the summer of 1968, she went to Mississippi to be in the heart of the civil-rights movement, helping people who had been thrown absent farms or taken off welfare roles for registering to vote. In forward-looking York, she worked as an editor at Ms. Magazine, and her husband worked for the NAACP Legal Defense Fund. &9In 1970, Walker published her first novel, The Third Life of Grange Copeland, most the ravages of racism on a black sharecropping family. In Meridian, 1976, her second novel, she explored a womans happy efforts to find her place in the Civil Rights Movement. She infer much of Flannery OConners work and greatly admired her. For one thing, OConner practiced economy. According to Herbert Mitgang of the New York Times, "She also knew that the question of race was really nevertheless the first question on a long list"(1983). Much of Walkers belles-lettres are genuinely personal. For example, one of her first books at a time was written during a time in which she was pregnant and suicidal and it described how she had an abortion and dealt with all of its after effects. Unlike many other powers, she is not horrified to write about very personal experiences she has had. Since the beginning of her writing career, she has written sixteen books, including five novels, some(prenominal) collections of essays, short stories, childrens books, and poems... ...mpquot(1993). Overall, Walker has been a very influential author throughout the black federation, and her audiences are very much interracial. Although many of the criticisms are disputable over her view of black men, through this inquiry it is concluded that the depiction cannot be narrowed down to black men. She was merely describing the kind of man who had the potence and who was abusive. Not suprisingly, most of the controversy streams from the fact that in that location arent other black male characters portrayed to count eract the depiction of the abuser. This perceived imbalance nonetheless doesnt mean that she is focusing all her provoke towards black males, she is merely trying to illustrate topics that people know are true yet perchance unwilling to admit it. Another good disputation is that it seems as though critics are trying to force her to choose between her support for the black community and her support for the feminist movement, and she wont do that for them. She is equally supportive of both, and that is a very admirable quality. Alice Walker was a very personal author who was not afraid to show or encompass anything in the struggle against racism and support for black women. Alice Walker Essay -- essays research papers Best known for her Pulitzer Prize-winning novel The Color Purple, Alice Walker portrays black women struggling for sexual as well as racial equality and emerging as strong, creative individuals. Walker was born on February 9, 1944, in Eatonton, Geor gia, the eighth child of Willie Lee and Minnie Grant Walker. When Walker was eight, her right eye was injured by one of her brothers, resulting in permanent damage to her eye and facial disfigurement that isolated her as a child. This is where her feminine point of view first emerged in a household where girls were forced to do the domestic chores unaided by the brothers. Throughout her writing career, Alice Walker has been involved in the black movement and displays strong feelings towards the respect black women get. In 1961, Walker entered Spelman College, where she joined the Civil Rights Movement. Two years after graduating in 1965, she married Melvyn Leventhal, a Jewish civil rights lawyer afterward, they worked together in Mississippi, registering blacks to vote. In the summer of 1968, she went to Mississippi to be in the heart of the civil-rights movement, helping people who had been thrown off farms or taken off welfare roles for registering to vote. In New York, she worked as an editor at Ms. Magazine, and her husband worked for the NAACP Legal Defense Fund. &9In 1970, Walker published her first novel, The Third Life of Grange Copeland, about the ravages of racism on a black sharecropping family. In Meridian, 1976, her second novel, she explored a womans successful efforts to find her place in the Civil Rights Movement. She read much of Flannery OConners work and greatly admired her. For one thing, OConner practiced economy. According to Herbert Mitgang of the New York Times, "She also knew that the question of race was really just the first question on a long list"(1983). Much of Walkers writings are very personal. For example, one of her first books once was written during a time in which she was pregnant and suicidal and it described how she had an abortion and dealt with all of its after effects. Unlike many other authors, she is not afraid to write about very personal experiences she has had. Since the beginning of her writing career, sh e has written sixteen books, including five novels, several collections of essays, short stories, childrens books, and poems... ...mpquot(1993). Overall, Walker has been a very influential author throughout the black community, and her audiences are very much interracial. Although many of the criticisms are controversial over her view of black men, through this research it is concluded that the depiction cannot be narrowed down to black men. She was merely describing the kind of man who had the potential and who was abusive. Not suprisingly, most of the controversy streams from the fact that there arent other black male characters portrayed to counteract the depiction of the abuser. This perceived imbalance however doesnt mean that she is focusing all her anger towards black males, she is merely trying to illustrate topics that people know are true yet perhaps unwilling to admit it. Another good argument is that it seems as though critics are trying to force her to choose between h er support for the black community and her support for the feminist movement, and she wont do that for them. She is equally supportive of both, and that is a very admirable quality. Alice Walker was a very personal author who was not afraid to show or hide anything in the struggle against racism and support for black women.

Global Monetary Depression Essay -- World History, Chinese Economy

Whether or not one believes that the seventeenth century world-wide monetary depression actually occurred or if there even was a general crisis to begin with, it has been widely apparent that from 1601 to 1680, a transformation in economic history and a decline in international finance was underway. We cannot mistakenthough richly diverse the economya specific geographical region as if it fiscally rose or declined in isolation. Comparative studies are crucial however, it is yet another argument against the narrow parochialism which still afflicts the teaching of history in too many universities (Aston 3). Those of us who feed suffered while studying the Western past must not plummet into the similarly devastating Asian strain therefore, while juxtaposing the two influential economies of the 17th century, Europe (Spain) and Asia ( china), it is crucial to bear in mind the transnational fluctuations in domestic and oversea trade with regards to the global consequences monetary infl ation. Unlike their European counterpart, Chinese feudalism consisted of peasants, especially in the late Ming and early Qing, that were not directly tied to landlordsrather, their atypical Chinese socioeconomic feudalism was more of a commercialize peasant economy where market imports were driven by the demands of the general public (Kishimoto-Nakayama 228). On the surface, an unfathomable torrent of New World silver deposits controlled by Spain ameliorate much of the amounting debt and dissolved the liquidity crisis in Europe however, it also unleashed a devastating increase of bullion in Chinas over-heated economy which demoted global price levels on silverleading to the deleterious monetary inflation (Glahn 429). Since the source of profit from... ...y-rocketed levels of international trade, government spending, and populationthe main reason for Chinas financial inflation was due to global climatic changes that diminished agricultural yields, caused outbreaks of epidemic an d ultimately depreciated the purchasing value of money by increase market prices of staple goods. In this same context, despite the fact that one nations economy was in decline, it did not Moreover, the instance of Chinas financial crisis during the 17th century demonstrates the ultimate full scale of changes in a global economy and with respects to environmental factors. The significant economic downturns during the decimal point brought to light the constantly shifting organizations of the first markets during the modern era and the indigenous demands for natural resources which determined the direction of a countrys economic stability.

Gender Bias In Language :: essays research papers fc

Language is a very powerful element. It is the most common method of communication. Yet it is oft misunderstood an misinterpreted, for language is a very complicated mechanism with a great deal of nuance. in that respect are times when in talk with some other individual, that we must take into account the persons linguistic genealogy. There are people who use language that would be considered prejudicial or biased in use. further the question that is raised is in regard to language usage is the language the cause of the bias or is it reflective of the preexisting bias that the user holds? There are those who believe that the language that we use in day-to-day conversation is biased in and of itself. They feel that the term mail adult male, for example, is one that excludes women mail carriers. Then there are those who feel that language is a reflection of the prejudices that people invite within themselves. That is to say that the words that people choose to use in conversati on denote the bias that they harbor within their own existence. There are words in the English language that are existing or have existed (some of them have changed with the new wave of "political correctness" coming about) that have inherently been sexually biased against women. For example, the person who investigates reported complaints (as from consumers or students), reports findings, and helps to achieve ingenuous settlements is ombudsman (Merriam Webster Dictionary) (Ombudsperson here at Indiana State University). This is an example of the gender bias that exists in the English language. The language is arranged so that men are identify with glorified and exalted positions, and women are identified with more service-oriented positions in which they are being dominated and instructed by men. So the language used to convey this fount of male supremacy is generally reflecting the honored position of the male and the subservience of the female. Even in relationships, th e male in the foundation is often referred to as the "man of the house," even if it is a 4-year-old-child. It is highly insulting to say that a 4-year-old male, based solely on his gender, is more qualified and capable of conducting the business and affairs of the home than his possibly well-educated, highly intellectual mother. There is a definite disparity in that situation. In American culture, a woman is valued for the attractiveness of her body, fleck a man is valued for his physical strength and his accomplishments (50).

History of the Origins of Environmental Ethics Essay -- Ethics Philoso

History of the Origins of Environmental ethics The inspiration for environmental ethics was the first Earth Day in 1970 when environmentalists started urging philosophers who were twisty with environmental groups to do something near environmental ethics. An intellectual climate had developed in the last few years of the 1960s in large post because of the publication of two document in Science Lynn Whites The Historical Roots of our Ecologic Crisis (March 1967) and Garett Hardins The Tragedy of the Commons (December 1968). Most influential with regard to this kind of thinking, however, was an show in Aldo Leopolds A anchor County Almanac, The Land Ethic, in which Leopold explicitly claimed that the roots of the ecological crisis were philosophical. (Although originally published in 1949, Sand County Almanac became widely on hand(predicate) in 1970 in a special Sierra Club/Ballantine edition, which included essays from a second book, Round River. Most academic activity in the seventies was spent debating the Lynn White dissertation and the tragedy of the commons. These debates were primarily historical, theological, and religious, not philosophical. Throughout most of the decade philosophers sat on the sidelines trying to determine what a dramatics called environmental ethics expertness look like. The first philosophical conference was organized by William Blackstone at the University of Georgia in 1972. The proceedings were published as Philosophy and Environmental Crisis in 1974, which included Pete Gunters first paper on the Big Thicket. In 1972 a book called Is It Too Late? A theological system of Ecology, written by bottom B. Cobb, was published. It was the first single-authored book written by a philosopher, even though the primary focus of the b... ...n environmental phenomenology. On the hypothetical level, Taylor and Rolston, despite many disagreements, tramp be regarded as objective nonanthropocentric intrinsic value theorists. Callicott , who follows Aldo Leopold closely, is a subjective nonanthropocentric intrinsic value theorist. Hargrove is considered a weak anthropocentric intrinsic value theorist. Sagoff is truly close to this position although he doesnt talk about intrinsic value much and takes a Kantian rather than an Aristotlian approach. At the far end is Bryan Norton who perspective up weak anthropocentrism but wants to replace intrinsic value with a pragmatical conception of value. The anti-intrinsic value pragmatic movement includes such philosophers as Anthony Weston and Andrew Light, although Ben Minteer has recently indicated that intrinsic value could be included in an environmental pragmatism. History of the Origins of Environmental Ethics Essay -- Ethics PhilosoHistory of the Origins of Environmental Ethics The inspiration for environmental ethics was the first Earth Day in 1970 when environmentalists started urging philosophers who were involved with environmental groups to do something about environmental ethics. An intellectual climate had developed in the last few years of the 1960s in large part because of the publication of two papers in Science Lynn Whites The Historical Roots of our Ecologic Crisis (March 1967) and Garett Hardins The Tragedy of the Commons (December 1968). Most influential with regard to this kind of thinking, however, was an essay in Aldo Leopolds A Sand County Almanac, The Land Ethic, in which Leopold explicitly claimed that the roots of the ecological crisis were philosophical. (Although originally published in 1949, Sand County Almanac became widely available in 1970 in a special Sierra Club/Ballantine edition, which included essays from a second book, Round River. Most academic activity in the 1970s was spent debating the Lynn White thesis and the tragedy of the commons. These debates were primarily historical, theological, and religious, not philosophical. Throughout most of the decade philosophers sat on the sidelines tryin g to determine what a field called environmental ethics might look like. The first philosophical conference was organized by William Blackstone at the University of Georgia in 1972. The proceedings were published as Philosophy and Environmental Crisis in 1974, which included Pete Gunters first paper on the Big Thicket. In 1972 a book called Is It Too Late? A Theology of Ecology, written by John B. Cobb, was published. It was the first single-authored book written by a philosopher, even though the primary focus of the b... ...n environmental phenomenology. On the theoretical level, Taylor and Rolston, despite many disagreements, can be regarded as objective nonanthropocentric intrinsic value theorists. Callicott, who follows Aldo Leopold closely, is a subjective nonanthropocentric intrinsic value theorist. Hargrove is considered a weak anthropocentric intrinsic value theorist. Sagoff is very close to this position although he doesnt talk about intrinsic value much and takes a Kantia n rather than an Aristotlian approach. At the far end is Bryan Norton who thought up weak anthropocentrism but wants to replace intrinsic value with a pragmatic conception of value. The anti-intrinsic value pragmatic movement includes such philosophers as Anthony Weston and Andrew Light, although Ben Minteer has recently indicated that intrinsic value could be included in an environmental pragmatism.

Medieval Europe And The Renaissance :: essays research papers

When I look at the conflicts that medieval European people faced and the conflicts that modern people face, I influence a huge difference. Our government, economics, science, mobility, art, literacy and health are very different. Some aspects of religion are different, but non many. The Black Death and feudalism are both(prenominal) major contributions to the medieval times. The Black Death is known as a beneficial divider between the central and Middle Ages. The changes are numerous. They include the knowledgeableness of gunpowder, importance of cities, economic and demographic crises, and powerful new currents in culture and religion. Overall, the recent middle ages were characterized as a period of chaos. The Black Death did not cause the chaos, but the plague definitely contributed towards it, as well as making more problems. The Black Death erupted in the Gobi desert in the late 1320s. There is no real explanation why. The plague bacillus was alive and active long before t hat. Europe had suffered from an epidemic in the 6th century. only the disease became relatively dormant in the following centuries. It is state that it was due to the climate beginning to cool in the 14th century. Whatever it was, the outbreak began and scattering fast. It mostly went west, but it spread everywhere. The Asian nations suffered greatly as anywhere. In China, the population dropped from 125 million to 90 million. The plague was so widespread it was said that there was not enough living to bury the departed. Rodents ran the unsanitary streets that carried the fleas that had the disease. This is how the Bubonic Plague was spread. The people believed at the time that the gods were punishing them for things they had done wrong in the past. The Bubonic Plague is transmitted either though an infected rodent (rats, rabbits, etc.) carrying bugs (fleas). It was first thought that the rats themselves transmitted the Bubonic Plague because when people found dead rats in the t owns streets, they would usually flee their civilization in fear of the rodents. But it was observed that people would only get the disease if they came in contact with a rodent or rat that was dead for a short amount of time. The Bubonic Plague is not very common these days, but that is because we live in the United States where our sanitary level is fairly high. But in Africa, Asia, and South America, several people die from it every year.

Rap war :: essays papers

Rap warShots ring out in South cardinal Los Angeles. A man screams in horror. This man has been shot in a heated gang war. This is everyday life for gang members. Gang members are use to cold blooded murder and most attend at least 5 funerals a week. Similar situations occur in Harlem, unexampled York and in former(a) places around the country. Why is this happening? Many people think that rap music is making kids more violent. They think that rap music is just a glorification of violence. All rap music is doing is to show how horrible and inhuman life is in the ghettos across the country. This is whats really happening out there. Its not fake. ripe now, there is a major conflict between West seashore and eastern United States Coast rappers. East and West are fighting in a vicious battle that leaves hundreds of poor, helpless people dead in the street. Theres no reason for this to be going on. Back in the early 90s, when rap was reservoir to become popular, the East/West war wa snt quite there yet but it was slowly becoming more and more obvious that there was a conflict between rappers. Part of the reason that the war started was that West Coast rap dominated and nobody questioned their supremecy. Ice Cube, Ice T, and Eazy E were the rappers of the moment. The war slowly worsened when East Coast rappers began to get more publicity. West Coast rappers were upset that they werent 100% in the spotlight so they started to make fun of East rappers in their music proclaiming that East Coast rap was fake and couldnt top West Coast. Then, East Coast rappers fired back obscenities at West Coast rappers and it kept up like that until someone decided that the other coast had gone too far.In 1993, Sean Combs started Bad Boy Entertainment in New York and for the first time ever, East Coast sales surpassed West Coast rap sales. Suddenly, as if out of nowhere came the peak of the West/East feud. little gangs in cities took the example of the big playaz and followed wha t they said. Before, local gangs killed for affiliation whether you were a Blood or a Crip. Now, gangs were killing for West and East. In some cities it was so expectant that you could be killed for living on the wrong side of the neighborhood.

Rap war :: essays papers

Rap warShots ring out in South Central Los Angeles. A serviceman screams in horror. This man has been shot in a heated gang war. This is everyday life for gang members. Gang members are used to cold blooded murder and most attend at least 5 funerals a week. Similar situations occur in Harlem, New York and in other places around the country. wherefore is this happening? Many people think that rap symphony is making kids more violent. They think that rap music is just a glorification of violence. all in all rap music is doing is to show how horrible and inhuman life is in the ghettos across the country. This is whats really happening out there. Its not fake. Right now, there is a major conflict amidst West Coast and eastern Coast rappers. einsteinium and West are fighting in a vicious contend that leaves hundreds of poor, helpless people dead in the street. Theres no reason for this to be going on. Back in the early 90s, when rap was beginning to become popular, the East/West war wasnt quite there yet but it was slowly becoming more and more obvious that there was a conflict between rappers. Part of the reason that the war started was that West Coast rap dominated and nobody questioned their supremecy. Ice Cube, Ice T, and Eazy E were the rappers of the moment. The war slowly worsened when East Coast rappers began to get more publicity. West Coast rappers were upset that they werent 100% in the spotlight so they started to make fun of East rappers in their music proclaiming that East Coast rap was fake and couldnt top West Coast. Then, East Coast rappers fired back obscenities at West Coast rappers and it kept up like that until someone decided that the other coast had gone too far.In 1993, Sean Combs started Bad Boy Entertainment in New York and for the first epoch ever, East Coast sales surpassed West Coast rap sales. Suddenly, as if out of nowhere came the peak of the West/East feud. Smaller gangs in cities took the pattern of the big playaz and fol lowed what they said. Before, local gangs killed for affiliation whether you were a Blood or a Crip. Now, gangs were killing for West and East. In some cities it was so bad that you could be killed for animation on the wrong side of the neighborhood.

Small Scale Textile Industry

SMALL SCALE TEXTILE INDUSTRY ABSTRACT India is the initiations atomic identification calculate 42 massivest producer of frameworks and dresss later on China. It is the publics third largest producer of cottonafter China and the USAand the second largest cotton consumer after China. The Indian stuff effort is as diverse and complex as country itself and it combines with equal equanimity this immense diversity into a cohesive whole. The ingrained strength of this manufacturing flows from its strong turnout base of wide range of fibres / yarns from natural fibres like cotton, jute, silk and wool to synthetic /man-made fibres like polyester, viscose, nylon and acrylic.The process precedent of the Indian material industry in the last decade has been considerably more than the previous decades, primarily on account of liberalization of passel and frugalal policies initiated by the Government in the 1990s. In producer-driven value chains, large, usually transnational, m anufacturers piddle the central roles in coordinating intersection networks. This is typical of outstanding- and applied scienceintensive industries such as automobiles, aircraft, computers, semiconductors and big(a) machinery.Buyer-driven value chains are those in which large retailers, marketers and branded manufacturers play the pivotal roles in setting up decentralized production networks in a variety of exporting countries, typically find in developing countries. This pattern of trade-led industrialization has become common in labour-intensive, consumer-goods industries such as garments, footwear, toys, foundericrafts and consumer electronics. gigantic manufacturers statement the producer-driven value chains at the point of production, while marketers and merchandisers exercise the main leverage in buyer-driven value chains at the design and retail stages.Apparel is an exemplification industry for examining the dynamics of buyer-driven value chains. The relative ease of setting up clothing companies, coupled with the prevalence of developed-country protectionism in this vault of heaven, has led to an unparalleled diversity of garment exporters in the third world. Apparel is an ideal industry for examining the dynamics of buyer-driven value chains. Indias textile industry comprises mostly smallscale, non-integrated spinning, distort, finishing, and apparel-making enterprises. In this term paper, we study more or less the small scale Indian Textile Industry, its importance, role, roducts, finance, subsidies, attractiveness and the growth. We also present opportunities in this sector, the challenges, jobs and salaries in these industries. HISTORY OF INDIAN TEXTILE INDUSTRY India has been well know for her textile goods since very ancient times. The traditional textile industry of India was virtually decayed during the colonial regime. However, the modern textile industry took birth in India in the early nineteenth century when the first textile plodding in the country was ceremonious at Fort gloster near Calcutta in 1818.The cotton textile industry, however, made its real set out in Bombay, in 1850s. The first cotton textile mill of Bombay was established in 1854 by a Parsi cotton merchandiser then engaged in overseas and internal trade. Indeed, the vast majority of the early mill were the handiwork of Parsi merchants engaged in yarn and cloth trade at home and Chinese and African markets. The first cotton mill in Ahmedabad, which was eventually to emerge as a rival centre to Bombay, was established in 1861. The spread of the textile industry to Ahmedabad was largely due to the Gujarati trading class.The cotton textile industry made speedy progress in the second half of the nineteenth century and by the end of the century there were 178 cotton textile mills but during the year 1900 the cotton textile industry was in bad state due to the great famine and a number of mills of Bombay and Ahmedabad were to be unlikeable d own for long periods. The two world wars and the Swadeshi movement provided great stimulus to the Indian cotton textile industry. However, during the period 1922 to 1937 the industry was in doldrums and during this period a number of the Bombay mills changed hands. The number of mills increased from 178 with 4. 5 lakh looms in 1901 to 249 mills with 13. 35 lakh looms in 1921 and further to 396 mills with over 20 lakh looms in 1941. By 1945 there were 417 mills employing 5. 10 lakh workers. The partition of the country at the time of independence affected the cotton textile industry also. The Indian union got 409 out of the 423 textiles mills of the undivided India. 14 mills and 22 per cent of the land under cotton cultivation went to Pakistan. Some mills were closed down for some time. For a number of years since independence, Indian mills had to import cotton from Pakistan and other countries.After independence, the cotton textile industry made rapid strides under the Plans. Betwe en 1951 and 1982 the total number of spindles doubled from 11 jillion to 22 million. It increased further to well over 26 million by 1989-90. A SMALL SCALE INDUSTRY In most of the developing countries like India, diminished Scale Industries (SSI) constitutes an heavy and crucial segment of the industrial sector. They play an important role in employment creation, resource utilization and income generation and helping to promote changes in a gradual and phased manner.They have been given an important place in the framework of Indian planning since beginning twain for economic and ideological reasons. The reasons are obvious. The scarcity of capital in India severely limits the number of non-farm jobs that can be created beca utilisation coronation greets per job are high in large and medium industries. An effective development policy has to attempt to increase the use of labor, relative to capital to the extent that it is economically efficient. Small scale enterprises are gene rally more labor intensive than larger organizations.As a depend of fact, small scale sector has now emerged as a dynamic and vibrant sector for the Indian economy in recent years. It has attracted so lots attention not only from industrial planners and economists but also from sociologists, administrators and politicians. Definition of Small Scale Industry The Small Scale Industries Board in 1955 defined, pocketable industry as a unit employing less than 50 employees if using power and less than unrivaled hundred employees if not using power and with a capital asset not exceeding Rs. 5 lakhs. The initial capital investment of Rs. lakhs has been changed to Rs. 10 lakhs for small industries and Rs. 15 lakhs for ancillaries in 1975. Again this fixed capital investment limit was raised to Rs. 15 lakhs for small units and Rs. 20 lakhs for supplementary units in 1980. The Government of India in 1985 has further increased the investment limit to Rs. 35 lakhs for belittled units and 4 5 lakhs for ancillary units. Again the crude Industrial Policy in 1991 raised the investment ceilings in plant and machinery to Rs. 60 lakhs for small-scale units and Rs. 75 lakhs for ancillary units.As per the Abid Hussain Committees recommendations on small-scale industry, the Government of India has, in March 1997 further raised investment ceilings to Rs. 3 crores for small-scale and ancillary industries and to Rs. 50 lakhs for tiny industry. THE TEXTILE AND get dressed SUPPLY CHAIN TRENDS IN PRODUCTION- YARN AND FABRIC (SMALL SCALE INDUSTRIES) tale and model production has been annually growing at 1. 9% and 2. 7% respecitvely since two hundred0. Yarn production has increased from 3,940 mn kg in 1999? 00 to 4,326 mn kg in 2004? 05. Man? made yarn has driven much of this, showing a robust growth of 4. % in the last five years. Spun yarn production and the cotton yarn sector have also grown, albeit less impressively, recording growths of 2. 4% and 0. 6% respectively. Fabric pr oduction has been growing at 2. 7% annually between 2000 and 2005, driven primarily by the smallscale, independent powerloom sector. Growth in the 100% non? cotton segment touched 5%, followed by cotton fabric at 1. 5% and blended fabric at 0. 3%. Fabric production touched a peak 45,378 million sq mtrs in 2004? 05, and in Nov 06, production recorded a robust 9% growth compared to the corresponding period in the previous year.STRUCTURE OF INDIAs SMALL SCALE TEXTILE INDUSTRY The textile sector in India is one of the worlds largest. The textile industry straightaway is divided into tierce segments 1. Cotton Textiles 2. Synthetic Textiles 3. Other like Wool, Jute, Silk etc. All segments have their own place but even today cotton textiles continue to occult with 73% share. The body structure of cotton textile industry is very complex with co-existence of oldest technologies of hand spinning and hand weaving with the most sophisticated automatic spindles and loom.The structure of the t extile industry is extremely complex with the modern, sophisticated and highly mechanized mill sector on the one hand and hand spinning and hand weaving (handloom sector) on the other in between falls the decentralised small scale powerloom sector. Unlike other major textile-producing countries, Indias textile industry is comprised mostly of small-scale, nonintegrated spinning, weaving, finishing, and apparel-making enterprises. This unique industry structure is primarily a legacy of government policies that have promoted laborintensive, small-scale operations and discriminated against larger scale firms ? coordination compound Mills Relatively large-scale mills that integrate spinning, weaving and, sometimes, fabric finishing are common in other major textile-producing countries. In India, however, these types of mills now account for about only 3 percent of output in the textile sector. About 276 composite mills are now direct in India, most owned by the public sector and many de emed financially ? sick.? In 2003-2004 composite mills that produced 1434 m. sq mts of cloth. Most of these mills are located in Gujarat and Maharashtra. ? go aroundSpinning is the process of converting cotton or manmade fiber into yarn to be used for weaving and knitting. This mills chiefly located in North India. Spinning sector is technology intensive and productivity is affected by the quality of cotton and the cleaning process used during ginning. Largely due to deregulation beginning in the mid-1980s, spinning is the most consolidated and technically efficient sector in Indias textile industry. Average plant size remains small, however, and technology outdated, relative to other major producers.In 2002/03, Indias spinning sector consisted of about 1,146 small-scale independent firms and 1,599 larger scale independent units. ? Weaving and knitting The weaving and knits sector lies at the heart of the industry. In 2004-05, of the total production from the weaving sector, about 46 percent was cotton cloth, 41 percent was 100% non-cotton including khadi, wool and silk and 13 percent was blended cloth. Three distinctive technologies are used in the sector handlooms, powerlooms and knitting machines.Weaving and knitting converts cotton, manmade, or blended yarns into woven or knitted fabrics. Indias weaving and knitting sector remains highly fragmented, small-scale, and labour-intensive. This sector consists of about 3. 9 million handlooms, 380,000 ? powerloom? enter-prises that operate about 1. 7 million looms, and just 137,000 looms in the various composite mills. ?Powerlooms? are small firms, with an average loom capacity of four to five owned by independent entrepreneurs or weavers. Modern shuttleless looms account for less than 1 percent of loom capacity. Fabric Finishing Fabric finishing (also referred to as processing), which includes dyeing, printing, and other cloth preparation front to the manufacture of clothing, is also dominated by a large numb er of independent, small-scale enterprises. Overall, about 2,300 processors are operating in India, including about 2,100 independent units and 200 units that are integrated with spinning, weaving, or knitting units. ? Clothing Apparel is produced by about 77,000 small-scale units classified as domestic manufacturers, manufacturer exporters, and fabricators (subcontractors).ANALYSIS OF THE MATERIALS Indias textile industry comprises mostly small-scale, non-integrated spinning, weaving, finishing, and apparel-making enterprises. Wool Indias wool industry is primarily located in the northern states of Punjab, Haryana, and Rajasthan. These three states alone account for more than 75 per cent of the production capacity, with both licensed and decentralized players. The woolen industry provides employment to approximately 1. 2 million people. Silk India is the second largest producer of silk in the world, alter about 18 per cent to global production.Growing demand for traditional silk f abrics and exports of handloom products has spurred growth in silk demand. Jute Jute industry occupies an important place in Indias economy, being one of the major industries in the eastern region, particularly in West Bengal. It supports nearly 4 million farming families, besides providing direct employment to 260,000 industrial workers and donjon to another 140,000 people in the tertiary sector and allied activities. Handloom The handloom sector is based on Indian traditional crafts. It employs nearly 7. million people and contributes 13 per cent to cloth production. ATTRACTIVENESS OF THE ENTERPRISE THE THRUST AREAS Textile Industry is unique in a sense that despite it being mainly small-scale, it follows the principles of large scale industries. The major thrust areas are? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Innovative marketing strategies Diversification of product Enhancement of textile oriented technology Quality awareness increase stark(a) materials Growth of productivity Increase in expor ts Financing arrangements Creating employment opportunities Human Resource DevelopmentGROWTH AND OPPORTUNITIES The future outlook for the industry looks promising, rising income levels in both urban and rural markets will ensure a rising market for the cotton fabrics considered a basic contend in the realm of new economic reforms (NER) proper attention has been given to the development of the textiles industry in the Tenth plan. Total outlay on the development of textile industry as envisaged in the tenth plan is fixed at Rs. 1980 crore. The production envisaged in the terminal year of the Tenth plan are 45,500 million sq metres of cloth 4,150 million kg of spun yarn and 1,450 million kg of man made filament yarn.The per capita availability of cloth was 28. 00 sq meters by 2006-2007 as compared to 23. 19 sq meters in 2000-01 showing a growth of 3. 19 percent. Some of the factors that led to growth of this sector are The textile industry has been doing extremely well during the last few years in cost of production & export and has been investing heavily in expansion and modernization of capacity. India has been experiencing strong performance in the textile industry, across different segments of the value chain, from raw materials to garments. Domestic production has been growing, as well as exports. ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? High operational efficiency in spinning and weaving Low-cost skilled labor Large and growing domestic market Easy availability of raw materials State-of-the-art design capabilities Well-established network of related and supporting industries Sophisticated machines of higher speed and production capability Lower raw material costs, wastage costs and labor costs when compared to other countries Fully developed textile value chain extending from fiber to fabric to garment exports Favorable demand conditions Managements with business background ? ? ?Presence of qualified technical personnel Large domestic market Availability of testing facilities JOBS AND SALARIES Small scale industries are labor intensive and they provide a large number of jobs but the salaries are not so high. Small scale textile firms dont produce sufficient profit so as to give high salaries to the laborers. But, most of the jobs have job security because of the perennial nature of the work. The workers are skilled and so not easily replaceable. A very important point when it comes to small scale textile industries is the large involvement of women and hence a great women employability ratio.CHALLENGES FOR SMALL SCALE TEXTILE INDUSTRIES The small scale Indian textile industry is reeling under manifold problems. The major challenges that the industry faces- ? nausea Sickness is widespread in the Indian textile industry. After the engineering industry, the cotton textile industry has the highest incidence of sickness. As many as cxxv sick units have been taken over by the Central Government. ? Obsolescence The plant and machinery and technology employe d by a number of units are obsolete.The need today is to make the industry technologically up-to-date rather than expand capacity as such. This need was foreseen quite some time back and schemes for modernization of textile industry had been introduced. ? Government Regulations Government regulations like the obligation to produced controlled cloth are against the interest of the industry. During the last two decades the excessive regulations exercised by the government on the mill sector has promoted inefficiency in both production and management. This has also resulted in a colossal waste of raw materials and productive facilities.For example, the mills are not allowed to use filament yarn in warp in order to protect the interest of art silk and power loom sector which use this yarn to supply to the affluent section of society.? ? Competition from other Countries In the international market, India has been facing severe competition from other countries like Taiwan, South Korea, C hina and Japan. The high cost of production of the Indian industry is a serious adverse factor. ? Labor Problems Small scale industries are labor intensive. The Indian Textile Industry is much plagued by labor problems.The very long strike of the textile workers of Bombay caused losses amounting to millions of rupees not only to the workers and industry but also to the nation in terms of excise and other taxes and exports. ? Accumulation of Stock At times the industry faces the problems of very low off take of stocks resulting in accumulation of huge stocks. The shoes leads to price cuts and the like leading to loss or low profits. CONCLUSION The Indian textile industry is currently one of the largest and most important sector in the economy in terms of output foreign exchange earnings and employment in India.The Textile industry has the potential to scale new height in the globalized economy. The textile industry in India has gone through significant charges in anticipation of i ncreased international competition. The industry is facing legion(predicate) problems and among them the most important once are those of liquidity for many organized sector units, demand recession and insufficient price realization. The long-range problems include the need for sufficient modernisation and restructuring of the entire industry to cater more effectively to the demands of the domestic and foreign markets for textiles as per the needs of today and tomorrow.REFERENCES 1. http//www. Indianbusiness. nic. in/India-profile/textile. htm 2. http//www. economywatch. com/business-and-economy/textile-Industry. html 3. http//hot medical students. usitc. gov 4. http//www. texprocil. com/annreport/profile-texprocil. doc 5. http//www. aepcindia. com 6. http//www. in. kpmg. com 7. http//pd. cpim. org/2004/10312004-ganguly. html 8. http//www. pdexcil. org/export. htm 9. http//www. giftsnaccessories. com/magazine/Handicrafts/11. htm

Explain the principles of effective communication in the workplace

I am working in careers advice for IT individualnel. I ca-ca been asked to produce a small booklet on valued employee attributes and communication barriers. I will write a report explaining the principles of effective communication.Skills for General communionQuestion and answerPeople at the workplace will always want to ask questions about what you have said. To avoid awkward questions do not talk about something which you do not do it how to explain, and if you are going to include something in your presentation coerce sure you know exactly what it is and know how to explain it. When answering questions even when not sure about the answer its important to speak confidently as if you know exactly what to say, if you do it will seem that you know extensive knowledge about the subject. During my internship I had to do presentations and after questions were asked. I made sure I was comfortable with the study I chose so that when I was asked questionsEngaging the audienceIts impor tant to keep your audience interested throughout a presentation. This is because if you do not wherefore the audience will lose track of what you are talking about. Therefore they wont understand what you are talking about and will live on confused especially if you are rambling and not making a clear conclusion. They may not understand the point you were originally trying to make and then the presentation will not be useful.Skills for Written CommunicationGrammar and SpellingWhen writing things such as an email or presentation it is exceedingly important that all of your grammar and spelling is correct, because if it is not than the employer will immediately look down upon you. If you have bad spelling and grammar it will look that you dont care and are not checking back through your work which is unprofessional. Its important to describe professional level of English as it will intend employers that you will be useful at any writing task.StructureAs with grammar it is importa nt to structure when writing a letter or an email, there are many ways you can structure such as using sub-headings to put a point across, using paragraphs and a conclusion show that your thought or point has come to a close and labelling a letter in a professional wayInterpersonal skillsBody wordsWhen speaking to somebody its important to stand straight with your hands either incline of you, this is because firstly standing with a straight back will allot you to speak loudly and clearly and will make you look confident which shows you know what you are talking about. Secondly if you keep your hands either side of you it is more professional than keeping them in your pocket and fidgeting.Active engagementIts important to be actively engage in the conversation by showing eye contact and nodding. This will show that you are interested as if you show you are bored it will impact the other persons communication and they may not want to interact with you again.

Mediated Argument for Abortion Essay

Our sexual society has changed so much that numerous teenage and unwed mothers yield turned to terminateion as an alternative. As I shed grown from being a teenager to a young adult I have encountered numerous pregnant young ladies who have had no motif of whether to have an stillbirth or keep the baby. Many of them have been young and arent ment eithery, emotionally, or financially st adapted to take on that kind of responsibility. I decided to discuss the outcome of stillbirth because I wear outt hypothecate many young women know too much about the subject. First, what is abortion? An abortion is a procedure, either surgical or medical, to end a pregnancy by removing the fetus and placenta from the uterus. (Health Scout) Many people believe that the procedure is im honorable and hurts the human race as a whole. Others on the other hand have in mind that it protects womens rights and that it is discriminatory to outlaw abortion. I plan to discuss the point at hand b y equally presenting both sides of the issue and comparing the pros and cons of abortion.While looking into the subject of abortion you must first come to fetch what is growing inside of the mother and distinguish whether or non it is considered to be a life. The main question that poses a conflict is that whether the fetus is considered to be a soulfulness before it is fully developed while its still in the womb. It has been found that the sperm fertilizes the eggs with twelve hours and eventual(prenominal)ly becomes what they call the zygote containing all the chromosomes needed to create a new human life. (Abortion) Many argue, that since the fetus is a potential person and has not fully developed yet, that it should not have the rights of a human being. They figure since its still a piece of tissue that the mother is housing, that she has the right to get rid of it if she chooses. Others argue that the fetus is more(prenominal) than just tissue and that it should have the same rights as the woman. They feel that the fetus is just a phase in the process of becoming a person and that life occurs at conception. In the article Nine Reasons Israel Steinmetz and Planned Parenthood both express their pecks on the same topic. Planned Parenthood argues that the woman is more than just her fetus and that she has the right to choose. They are saying that giving a fetus the rights of a living, brea social function human being is wrong and that the fetus rights do not supersede those of the woman.TheSupreme flirt bindinged this statement on January 22, 1973 when they gave women the right to control their reproductive choices. (Abortion) The Supreme Court decided that only in the third trimester, where the baby is said to be viable, does the court have to consider the rights of the unborn fry. In concurrence with my earlier research, Steinmetz also argues that the fetus is more than just piece of tissue and a persons genetic makeup happens at conception. He believes that in the first trimester the baby is not yet fully developed but has a small brain and can feel pain and vibration therefore it is a human being. In Missouri they also adhere to the belief that life happens at conception and unborn children have protectable welfare in life and health. (Abortion) The next question that arises is that whether or not abortions are virtuously wrong. Many people seem to think since the law allows it that it must be morally right, but I personally think that many people simply dont think about the issue at hand. Being morally wrong or write goes back into the discussion of the whether or not the fetus is a human being. Of course if the fetus is a human being it would be morally wrong to abort it because that would be considered as taking a life.On the other hand if it isnt considered to be a human being then why would it matter if the mother chooses to have an abortion? John OConnor points out there are three kinds of people that consider abo rtion to be acceptable and moral (1) those who believe that since the fetus is not yet fully developed it does not achieve the status of a human until birth (2) those that believe that since the law permits it that it is morally acceptable and (3) those who just dont think about the subject at all. He understands all of these aspects but still considers the underlying purpose of abortion that it kills babies inside of their mothers womb. (Abortion) Some would argue that abortions should not be considered a moral decision let alone immoral, because the person considering the procedure is fashioning their decision on how it get out later affect their lives. There are a number of reasons that abortions are occurring whether it be because she is an unprepared teenage mother or a victim or husband or boyfriend pressure.Abortion rights activists believe that abortion is a choice and important right that women should be able to openly consider. Pro-choice advocates believe that having th e right to choose to have an abortion should ultimately outlaw the rights of a fetus. As said earlier the Supreme Court stated that it only considersthe right of the fetus when it is viable, but when exactly do you draw the line on viability? If a person was on a kidney machine, that person would no longer be viable. Another example of viability would be directly at birth, you are able to survive on your own but if go forth alone you impart die, which ultimately means that you are not viable. (Anti-Abortionist) So if the Supreme Court only considers the fetus rights when it is viable wouldnt that mean that our rights would not be considered until we were of age to survive on our own? With all this being said the question still stands whether or not abortion is considered immoral or morally right.Another question, which I think the most important, is whether abortion is safe for the mother and the fetus. Steinmetz and Planned Parenthood analyze both sides and aspects of the issue. Planned Parenthood seems to think that making abortion legal has im proved womens health in some kind of way. They stated that the availability of an abortion has helped lessen medical complications that could have resulted from pregnancy. Steinmetz argues that Planned Parenthoods figures show that many women had complications due to aborting their babies. (Nine Reasons) On a positive note, with legalization of abortion came the remarkable decrease in abortion-related deaths. onward abortion was legalized women had to turn to back-alley butchers, illegal pregnancy-ending drugs and life-threatening self-abortion techniques. Since legalization women have had the benefit of advanced medical knowledge and equipment. Although abortion is said to be safe and the attempt of death has drastically decreased, there are still risks of complications. You also have to take into consideration which trimester the abortion is going to occur.The longer a person waits the, the more complication and greater the risk of death. Normally, since pregnancy is a natural process within the womans body and because the procedure is intrusive the body will experience both long-term and short-term effects. Since abortion was legalized abortion advocates has made the process look risk free instead of portraying the actual view of the issue. (Abortion) In addition to the medical complications come the psychological and physical complications. Most women that decide to have an abortion have not been properly informed of all its possible risks and complications. The doctors do not inform the patient of the degree of pain they might experience nor dothey add in the fact that there will be mental pain and complications. Severe bleeding, puncture of the uterus and cardiac arrest are only a few of the possible complications due to abortions. along with those come the chance of never being able to have kids again and breast cancer.The Journal of the National Cancer Institute in 1994 found that wo men who had abortion increased their chances of getting breast cancer before the age of forty-five by fifty percent and teenagers under the age of eighteen who had an abortion after(prenominal) eighth week or pregnancy by eight hundred percent. (Is Abortion Safe) These are only some of the physical complications that might accompany having an abortion. As for mental complications, Post-Abortion Syndrome is known to occur. During PAS, which is a form of Post Traumatic Stress Syndrome, often occurs as a result to having an abortion. Women suffering PAS may experience maturation of eating disorders depression and thoughts of suicide and alcohol and drug sophisticate to only name a few. (Safe Haven) In my opinion the mental effects could have a much greater effect on you than the physical ones.Last but not least I would like to discuss the issue of a cute child. Many people justify having an abortion by saying that they arent able to take care of the child or simply just dont want t o take that kind responsibility. My problem with that would be that they took the risk of not having safe sex and knowing the consequences. This issue posed the problem of an unwished-for child. Adoption advocates have continued to argue that an unwelcome child is a justifiable reason for abortion, when in all actuality no child is unwanted there are just unwanting parents. Some simply believe that it is wrong to bring an unwanted child into the world because they are more susceptible abuse and neglect. They argue that having an abortion eliminates the risk retaliation by kids on others due to the abusive childhood. The ultimate alternative to abortion would be adoption. There are many families that are unable to have kids that would love to have the child that a mother wants to abort. Participants in the abortion process go through numerous screenings and go through a lot of money to achieve their dream of having a child.No matter what side you choose to be on, the fact still re mains that theultimate goal is to promote a healthier life whether it be for the fetus or the mother. Both sides agree that life is supposed to be preserved and that it is a process. In addition to these common points some others have to be considered. Senator Clinton pointed out that whether not you are for or against abortion we should all agree that every child should be wanted. (CNS News) We all should also agree that the woman has the right to know the risks and procedure. There is no real solution for this issue because we cannot say that doing one thing specifically could fix the problem.Whether it is legal or illegal there is still a chance that women would turn to abortions. Abortions are said to protect women rights but there could be laws passed to both protect women rights and lessen the morality issue of abortion. Anti-Abortionists believe that the fetus is a person from conception the only way this could be proved is through thorough research. Both sides of the issue p ropose sufficient arguments but the question is, is either right or wrong. Abortion will always be a highly controversial topic and it will be difficult to determine just one solution.Reference List1.Cozic, Charles, and Stacey Tipp. Abortion Opposing think Points.San Diego Greenhaven Inc, 1991.2.Is Abortion Safe Alternative to Abortion. Abortion Medical Rights. National Right to Life. 8 Mar 2007 .3.Steinmetz, Israel , and Planned Parenthood. Nine Reasons Abortion Should Be Illegal. (1998) 3-4. 6.4.Jones, Susan. Senator Hillary Clinton Seeks Common underfur on Abortion. (2005) 1.5.Abortion. Health Scout. 2001. Health Central Network. 8 Mar 2007 .6.Abortion The anti-abortionists arguments. Abortion Arguments Pro and Con. 8 Mar 2007 .

Mabe: Learning to be a Multinational Essay

Due to the misc at one timeption of the size and diversity of Russia, foreign companies tended to enter Moscow and Saint Petersburg first, the both most crowded markets in Russia. These two cities concentrated a large proportion of the population, whose consumption patterns and styles differed from those of the aver come on Russian citizen, CulturalLow trust of outsiders ( hold in Communications with foreign managers and belowmind organizational innitiatives ) Heavily influence by the history . ( Cultural influence by Soviets and Zharist past collectivism paternalism administration, fear of responsabillity and reliance of once own neighbors. Oriented in short therm, place little enfasis in competitive strategy and formal strategy planning. Young Russian professionals, with their high aspirations, acquired European style and anti-status quo spirit, collided against the more disciplined and submissive older Russians. In fact,Russians in their mid-thirties and forties tended to speak only Russian and had mostly been educated under a different mindset. Thus, when younger Russians led an organizational structure, they tended to be more selective when recruiting new talent.That is, they felt more comfortable working among Russians like themselves, non Russians like their parentsIn the process of recruiting and selection, these younger Russians paid more attention to candidates family origins even when the candidates themselves were young and had a college degree. According to a common rule of thumb, if the potential aim came from a family of the intellectual elite i.e., musicians, artists, scientists or academics they would easily fit with the new generation, but if they came from a family of workers from the Soviet era, the potential of conflict still existed, notwithstanding the age or educational level of the candidate.Rusia low unemployment rate acted to demotivate firmn loyalty ( Compensation did not mean everything.) EconomicRusia have no middle ground p roportion of micro and middle size enterprises in relation to big enterprises. This proportion is lower in Ruisia than in either other emerging market. Not truly recent Banks ( contries financial systems dominated by one bank) Rusians not invested at home ( loans difficult to acquire)Morgage market non existent ( Only 3% of GDP lowest of any emerging markets) Net foreign direct investment of negative 9.5 billion in 2010. Decreasing population. Countries wealth represented by is human capital ( decline in quality of human capital). Society characterize by high levels of education , but low levels of quality, health and knowledge. (as a result it have serious economic implication) What lessons has Mabel intentional for future International expansions? Would another emerging market have been a better Choice than Russia?

Froebel Kindergarten Essay

Freidrich W. A. Froebel is best known as the founder of kindergarten. He was a German directionalist. Froebel was born in 1782 in a village in Germany. His pip-squeakhood was difficult because his mother died when he was a baby and his father abandoned him. Froebel was given to his uncles care. Between 1808-1810 he attended the training imbed run by John Pestalozzi at Yverdon. Froebel left the institution accepting the basic principles of Pestalozzis theory permissive school atmosphere, emphasis on nature, and the determination lesson.Froebel, however, was a strong idealist whose view of education was closely related to religion. He believed that everything in this world was developed according to the plan of God. He tangle that something was missing in Pestalozzis theory the spiritual mechanism that, according to Froebel, was the foundation of early learning. Froebels philosophy of education rested on quaternary basic ideas free self-expression, creativity, social participatio n, and motor expression. Froebel began to focus on the needs of children just prior to entering school.He envisioned a place attended by 4-6 year olds where children would be nurtured and protected from outside influenceslike plants in a garden. Froebel decided to call his school kindergarten, which in German means child garden. Froebel began a training institute for the teachers of his schools. He believed that teachers should be highly respected people with values that the children should imitate. The teacher should also be a sensitive, open, and easily comprehensible person. Froebels first kindergarten was founded in 1837 in Blakenburg Germany.It featured games, play, songs, stories, and crafts to stimulate imagination and develop physical and motor skills. The materials in the room were divided into two categories gifts and occupations. Gifts were objects that were fixed in form such as blocks. The purpose was that in playing with the object the child would learn the underly ing concept represented by the object. Occupations allowed more(prenominal) freedom and consisted of things that children could shape and manipulate such as clay, sand, beads, string etc. There was an underlying symbolic meaning in all that was done.Even straight up time was seen as a final concrete reminder to the child of Gods plan for moral and social order. In 1848, the Prussian government ordered these schools to be closed because they did not agree with Froebels ideas. Then Froebel died in 1852, not knowing the impact his work would have on the U. S. school system. Then many Germans immigrated to the United States after the German Revolution. Among them were women trained in the Froebel system of education. It was these women who were responsible for bringing kindergarten to the United States.The first U. S. kindergarten was for German immigrant children in Wisconsin and taught in German. Then in 1873 kindergarten was introduced in the public Ameri sess schools. Freidrich F roebels ideas provided the major direction for kindergarten curriculum during the last half of the nineteenth century. Many of his ideas can still be observed in kindergarten today learning through play, group games, goal oriented activities, and outdoor time. Now applying Froebels philosophy of education to the Bahamas. From the National Task Force on Education (1994) Final report.This was stated about Pre-Schools. PICTURE. But yes we do have active kindergartens in many schools. I know for sure on the island of Eleuthera at that place is the kindergarten section in all of the primary schools. But upon my research I found that there are kindergarten sections in only a few schools here in New Providence. Example The Bahamas Academy School. Here is a quick look at their curriculum. Then there is one in Yellow Elder Gardens and Elizabeth Estates. REPORTING TODAY FROM THE EDUCATIONAL CHANNEL, IM VASHTE NAIRN.

Medical Ethics Essay

Medical interventions always possess deuce possible outcomes in every situation or case. The rule of double effect is the actual ethics that governs the conditions of alternatives. The main concept that it utilizes is the thought that psyches atomic number 18 faced with decision that can non be avoided and, in the circumstances, the decision result cause both desirable and undesirable effects. Considering the value ethics involved in every intervention implemented, the risk factors should always be considered.Essentially speaking, the rule of double effect involves the critical assessment of the situation considering the fact that the choices being made greatly impact a life of an individual. In an ethical literary argument of maternal-fetal conditions wherein the arrive is scummy from a case of complications that lead to the severe necessity of evacuating the conception product. The case possesses no other alternatives, and has greatly compromised both life conditions of the mother and the fetus. Moreover, if medical intervention is not implemented as soon as possible both lives shall be endangered severely.In some tell of uniform implication, some might categorize much(prenominal) action as direct attempt of killing essentially since, either of the mothers life or the fetal life needs to be sacrificed in order to save one. In such case of saving life through resuscitation, if the significant relatives or others imposed the negation of such life saving treatment for the patient provided with the considerations of higher good than hatred, it is not considered anymore as actions of euthanasia nor direct killing.The medical provider is not anymore liable if incase the patient suffered from any untoward conditions that requires resuscitation, however in the end resulted to death, as it is already a directed give of the patient and the support groups. The principle of total effect protects no singular parts or item-by-item levels of life. In fact, it does even consider the whole or total person as a whole. The whole or total person is what is sacred and has rights. To promote parts or lower levels independently of the persons totality would violate just the quality of life considerations.The medical provider should consider the treatment interventions not only for the benefit of a single part, scarcely rather every aspect of the whole body, such as the effect of the therapy or medical intervention on other parts of the body. psychotherapy involves the utmost obligation to facilitate the psychological wellness and well-being of the society. As far as medico-ethics is concerned, psychiatrists possess such responsibility of conjuring psychological wellness to the people.Such principle involves the concept of the divine as well as the societal requirement of psychological wellness linked together with the guidelines of psychotherapeutical interventions. Such principle considers man as a psychic unit and total aspect of a person a s a whole. Considering the fact that man functions as a whole, psychiatric therapy should revolve in every aspect of a person not only on particularities of disease, disorder, or signs and symptoms but rather as a whole unified being.However, still in response to this perspective, the concept of the individual should still deal in the specifics and objective details of an individual. The guide protocols of this principle ar the fact that man is a unified unit of the community that requires social interactions, and morality considerations over the psychological interventions. Rights to Health Care The general principle of health fretting greatly considers that every individual possesses the right to have unconditional, indiscriminate, and with no considerations on an individuals society.The rights of health pity, by law, divine protocols and natural necessities, should be ethically available for every individual. As for the ever conjuring issues in terms of impairment of the deliv ery of health care, it is both the responsibility of the patient and the health care provider to facilitate maximum health care potential. The health seeking behavior is expected for the patients requiring health care needs as their responsibility, temporary hookup health care information dissemination, motivation and encouragement are the ethical duties of the health care providers.With the advent of managerial, profit-oriented and progressive modernization, the principle of the health care elementary right is arguably being violated in some sense. As the fact states, at least 35 million Americans cannot afford proper health care delivery system for them due to either expensive medical insurance requirements or poverty. As for the both interacting requirement, most of the public, especially those living in or below poverty line, undeniably obtains their medical care from regimeal provisions, which are not always sufficient to consider every individuals health care needs.In fact, Medicaid insurance, which is a public insurance firm that caters mostly for the financially incapacitated individuals, is extensively and progressively increasing. However, the worst case of such Medicaid provision is that sickness status possesses a marginal requirement to consider a person a candidate for health care treatment. In such case, the health care status of these individuals worsens before they can even attain their due medical interventions.Another controversy is the rising patients of Medicare insurance, which is a public governmental firm that caters to elderly health care welfare. Due to the increasing number of those that cannot afford geriatric care necessities, the last option for these elders is to obtain the care that the government hospitals provide. However, there are cases wherein these elderly incapacitated individuals are being eagerly discharged by the hospital. Adding on to the situation is the increasing profit-oriented hospital firms, which perceives d elivery of care as business-money-earning sources.Such condition is beginning to coincide and dominate the health care market, which if not regulated, may even caused further decline of health care obtainment by the public due to financial incongruencies. Considering that the incidence of poverty in the public is increasing, incapabilities of health care insurance to support the appropriate and fit requirements of their beneficiaries, and the increasing incidence of profit oriented hospitals, greatly contributes to the health care scarcity and health care status of the society.Essentially speaking, such condition possesses the adventure of aggravating the morbidity and mortality ratings in the society. Such case is considered indeed as violations of the ethical principle of right of health care. On the contrary, such protocols are necessary in order to keep the hospital and medical insurance organizations surviving. Although, the evident consequence of such scenario is the increas ing individuals wo(e) from health care impairments. As far as the ethical principle, rights of health care, is concerned, such occurring scenario violates the fundamental ethics of health care.Suffering Even with subjective evidences or manifestations, the concept of suffering seems fundamental for the most fundamental concerns of bioethics. Suffering is in part constituted by the meet of a profound evil, as the Old Testament denotes, or brat to our sense of self and identity that we are unable to control. IT is the experience of the inexplicably arbitrary and typically destructive. Suffering is not of course an end of religious experience but a problem demanding interpretation.Religions traditions have historically tried to give meaning to suffering by placing the experience in a context of broader questions about eventual(prenominal) purpose in life, and even human destiny beyond life. Suffering is knowledge of evil but is not evil in itself. Frequently its initiation serves as a helpful spiritual or physical warning that something is amiss. Physical pain is often first sign of a serious affection it informs us that something has gone wrong and that we need medical assistance. Of course, sometimes we become aware of evil but are unable to do anything about the situation.The evil is not in our knowledge of a certain state of affairs but in the state of affairs themselves. While we experience our knowledge of these evils as suffering, the knowledge itself remains a basic good. As salvation denotes liberation from evil, Christ liberates man from sin by means of His cross, that is, by means of suffering. The bat of salvation is a labor of suffering. Every person is called to participate personally in that suffering through which our redemption has been accomplished and through which all suffering was redeemed.Suffering, symbolizes by the Cross, is the one universal door through which all must pass to enter the kingdom of God. While on the human level suf fering is an emptying, on the divine level it is a glorifying or a filling up and an invitation to manifest the moral greatness of man. The glory of suffering cannot be seen in the martyrs, but also in those who, while not believing in Christ, suffer and give their lives for the truth. As for a Christian perspective, suffering is an opportunity for everyone to experience the power of God and share in the work of redemption.In the midst of distributively individuals suffering, Christ is present to share that persons suffering-just as He invites each of us to share His sufferings. This inter-participation of suffering unites our sufferings and Christs sufferings, as well as uniting us with Christ personally. In terms of the medical ethics application, suffering is for both patient and the health care provider to share however, one must not join each one and extend the same negative feelings but rather, facilitate as the motivator and alleviator of sufferings.The greatest part of reli eving the patient from the occurring suffering is on the part of the health care provider, as they are the ones who are responsible for the alleviation of such condition. The suffering of undergoing the case of alleviation and the suffering of alleviating the patient itself are the two considered faces of suffering, which has to be considered in every ethical case action. In is indeed necessary to think that the difficulties imposed by the situation is carried by both interacting parties and not one alone.

Ethics of Doctor Assisted Suicide

bingle of the most hotly debated topics divergence on now is the one concerning the ethics of back up suicide and mercy hideing. Nowadays with e really last(predicate) the progress that the aesculapian checkup exam exam profession has gained, tidy sum who atomic number 18 terminally ill fork over much than(prenominal) than options, and t here build been move efforts to give them the veracious to return when they choose this option. I was interested in researching this topic be come I theorise the debate has a lot to do with politics. This dilemma has been hotly debated and I was open to seeing how this sweat was progressing.In the beginning, I was a proponent on this issue, and believed flock should not be denied their wishes when they wanted to s desti democracy away their inconvenience. However, I was open to learning more more or less(predicate) the opposite stance and what the reasons for opposition were. It invariably seemed bizarre to me that sui cide was not illegal, and it was illegal to assist in one even with a consenting party. I wondered how this could be, and how plurality could deny people this slump in unending pain. There never seems to be a prosecution of doctors who participate in these cultivates, even though they frequently go to court.I wondered wherefore this getred and what the laws really said regarding this. I too wondered how people distinguished betwixt forgoing medical interventions and rattling assisting in the suicide. As I approached the research, my primary(prenominal) questions were regarding the opposition. I really did not hunch forward all the problems that could occur. look active this brought to light numerous social occasions that atomic number 18 not discussed in the media, although this is a highly human raceized subject. I found that it is very difficult to end the debate because all the contestations be just matters of opinion. Opposers and protestors use up level- headed arguments.No one really knows what would fall, so opinions are used to predict it. Since all the media attention, I volition try not to discuss the numerous things that are already kn give. I found myself intrigued at what I did not know, and found my views profoundly affected. After reading current articles about what was going on de jure and about cases, reviewing the history of this topic, and reading books indicateing the two contend view hints, I have do my inferences. I exit show how people are currently handling this and how they are be viewed. I will discuss the principal(prenominal) arguments on both sides.Finally, I will show what I seed from this and how my views have been altered by information that I did not know before. I will begin by explaining how the terms are defined. Euthanasia derived from Greek roots and call backs skilful death. Active mercy cleaning is a direct and deliberate intervention to kill the uncomplaining. It is intended to end the life of the competent, terminally ill patient who stimulates a fully self-imposed and persistent pass along for aid in dying. Voluntary mercy killing takes endue when the patient postulations the action and it is involuntary if the patient is not mentally competent enough to act the slump choice.Passive mercy killing is withholding intercession from a patient. A doctor- aid suicide occurs when the patient does the actual act, just the physician provides each enough information or the means to do it. One source defines it as a desperate measure, confirm exactly in exceptional cases where every effort has first been made to condole with for a dying person by other(a) means. The terms mercy killing and physician-assisted suicide unremarkably are used for the same thing and are not generally distinguished from one another.typically the means of suicide is lethal doses of a poison such as pills, an injection, or gas. Motive causes euthanasia to be distinguis hed from murder, because its aim is merciful and is done out of kindness. The physicians intentions can make leaseable differences concerning how their act will be classified. The most common reason for a patient to want this aid is a terminal illness. Unbearable finding has caused the person to become intolerant of the carnal and/or emotional pain. The other reason is a physical handicap that is debilitating and the patient would rather give-up the ghost than lie in with it. nigh people are able to cope with this, but in some cases, it is impossible for the patient to do so. In ancient sentences, euthanasia was encountered often fourth dimensions. However, suicide was condemned. During the sixteenth century, some people began to see it as more of a personal choice. It eventually became decriminalized, but assisted suicide and euthanasia are still crimes in most countries. The introduction of powerful analgesics caused a rise in the interest in the right to die movement. It was advocated in the late 1800s, and has been a topic for debate since the early 1900s.Doctors have been dish outing patients die for centuries. nigh cultures today have people that will stop eating and wait to die when they become sternly ill. The right to die movement is encouraged by several factors. Modern technology has come on to extend human life. The fear of the dying process is of keen concern to some people, curiously when it accompanies physical and psychological suffering. Patients are comme il faut more in charge of their own fate and have more of a voice. Finally, there is a concern about the high health care costs.They cost more than 60 billion annually, and 1/3 of Medicaid payments go to patients in their last year of life. Medicines main inclination has always been the preservation of life. Now, this is being challenged in an attempt to change it. The two sides of the issue are being debated. On one side are the people who think it is not a physicians pop o ut to kill a patient, because he/she should and friend, not harm. The opposition thinks that suffering is the real harm. The debate comes at the point of the onset of the terminal illness, when it will be time to decide on the means.This is sometimes called the Kevorkian moment. Proponents give examples of people who could be helped, while opponents give counterexamples of people who whitethorn be harmed. There are many example and legal considerations. The actualize for a physicians participation is increasing. According to opinion polls, about 60% of people in the U. S. are supporters. About 15% of physicians practice it when it is justified. It is actually impossible to know for sure how much takes place because incidents are comm but kept secret to head off prosecution.Most people who have reported that they would consider it give reasons such as that they would not want to be a burden, would not want to buy the farm in pain, or would not want to depend on machines or ot hers. The main argument for the support of euthanasia and physician-assisted suicide is that people should have the right to overcome their life and death, and should be able to end their lives when they wish if they are suffering needlessly. It is argued that it is a private choice and society has no right to be concerned. They usually portray it as a case of individual liberty.One source states euthanasia, if legalized, would be the final civil liberty, since it would secure the freedom to determine and to control our own death. Physicians essential then decide if they are willing to take part in either directly killing the patient or by assisting the patient in suicide. The physician should follow the demands of the patient, even if it means killing them, because that would respect their wishes and the rights of the patient. Physicians treat patients with the tendency of restoring health. If the patient cant be restored to a reasonable level of living, it shouldnt be wrong t o discontinue it.Euthanasia supporters often try to get sympathy by relating stories to make one feel the likes of suicide is the only option in their case. The media has sparked a lot of interest, and continues to show stories like this. Simi Linton, psychologist, says, Im disturbed at how the media treats it, as here are these poor folks lets help them end their lives (qtd. in 1). It makes it seem as if would be cruel to deny anyone this option. Basically, it is the quality of life that is the main concern of the patient. They whitethorn feel that life is not price living in their state.It would not be humane to insist that every means be interpreted to keep someone alive. A physicians main concern is to relieve suffering, so sometimes there is only one way to achieve that goal. At the time that efforts are no longer doing any good, the main concern is to make the patient comfortable and alleviate symptoms such as pain. Drugs do not always get rid of all the pain, especially when it is excruciating. whatsoevertimes a patient will be narcotized into unconscious with severe pain that cannot be controlled. This does not seem like effective pain worry to me.I do not believe people will be satisfied living in such a state as that. They would want to be put out of their misery. Legalization would cause many changes. It would give rights to the person who does it, rather than the person who dies. It is about the right to kill, rather than the right to die. 9 Physicians would need to be trained in more areas regarding this, such as information about medications and dosage, and about the mentality of the patient. They will need to gain expertise in infrastanding patients motivations for requesting it, assessing their mental status, diagnosing and treating depression.The medical profession is set outing greater expertise in managing terminal illness but would need to develop similar expertise in responding to requests for physician-assisted suicide. The debates over assisted suicide have forced clinicians to be more aware of what can be done to relieve suffering. Doctors are improving palliative care and their own behavior. Patients are becoming more aware of their options. The problems associated with legalizing assisted suicide are usually not talked about when the proponents make their argument.The discussion of the potential for subvert, the ways it could be prevented or better helped are put on a backburner. The main argument against legalization is that human life is sacred, and it is not a human right to take it away. Some say that there is no need for suicide, because health care should resolve all problems and pain management has come a long way. Most people who commit suicide suffer from depression, so it is often debated whether this could be the reason for someone wanting assisted suicide. Often, when their depression is treated, the patient responds well, and would like to live.A regular physician cannot make the determinatio n of whether a patient is suffering from depression. This is something that is difficult to appoint in terminally ill patients. Just because a patient request suicide does not mean this will be an appropriate base. Sometimes, a patient may even request suicide, but when the time draws near, they change their mind because it did not seem so imminent before. The will to request the suicide moldiness be voluntary, but this purpose is left over(p) up to the physician. How can a physician judge whether it is voluntary or not? It is also difficult to determine what terminal is.When people say that it should be reserved for people who are terminally ill, they cannot define it. It is used to mean someone whose death will occur in a relatively short time. Some people may say that if they will die in 6 months it is considered terminal, but it is difficult to determine exactly how long someone has to live. They may live much longer than that. A person could also be terminal who is in a ve gitative state, but will live for years in that state with continued medicine. People cannot r severally an agreement on what the definition of terminal would be, some even say old age is terminal.Marianne Smith, Program Development music director of the Death with Dying National Center defines it as an illness in which there is no discover of recovery and that death is imminent. 15 Activists of euthanasia use the demonstration that suicide is the only means to control unbearable pain. Most pain is supposed to be able to be eliminated, or greatly reduced. many another(prenominal) people do not get enough pain control. 6 One reason is the underknowlege many physicians have about this, and that they are afraid the patient will become addicted. Also, too much pain medication can cause symptoms that may be worse than the disease was itself.One source says that patients and physicians equivalent may be unaware of the options available in the medical system, including advances in pain control that could help patients but are not routinely provided. 3 There may be no upshot to these problems, but some things can be done. Better health care education, more access to health care, and informing patients of their rights. 6 Everyone has the right to pain relief. Patients should get adequate health care, and not killed. Physicians argue that if good care of the dying is being provided, then a request for suicide would be rare. 4Some patients may want to consider suicide, but are incapable of administering medicine. Some people may also lose their mental capabilities, and will be unable to request it. It is difficult to assess fairness in cases like these. Some people use a form of advance directive and make their request before deterioration occurs. It is hard to extend the same rights to all patients without causing abuse. If someone is unable to convey their request, it would be frightening for someone to make that decision for them and to say that their life is no t worth living, so we moldiness kill them.There is great potential for abuse if it were to be legalized. Depressed people, elderly, and very panic-stricken people would be greatly affected. People may feel pressured into giving up. Elderly are especially vulnerable to this. Now that there are more people living longer, this problem will increase. They may tend to feel they are a burden on their families, or are selfishly overpowering resources. If a physician advocates it, they also may be swayed. People may also feel sceptical of the physicians advice. This may cause a hardship in getting appropriate care. 10Legalization will only encourage more people to take part in it. It does not seem as if we would be ready for this to occur, because we are only just beginning to explore some realms of the medical world. It took a long time to figure out about adequate care for many patients and when is the right time to withdraw life support, so it would not seem that we would be ready for this step. The slippery slope argument is used by opponents, saying that legalization will lead to involuntary euthanasia. My own opinion is that if assisted suicide were legalized, we may not be as inclined to advance medical progress and knowlege.It would seem easier to just put the patient out of his/her misery. They may not use their experience to increase what we know about medicine and learn how to help the illness, or better cope with it. Proponents have said that euthanasia should be considered medical treatment. If this is so, there could be great potential for abuse. Then it may be more likely to be administered to people who cannot make the request. Some decisions that have gone to court say that assisted suicide is a constitutional right and that someone else can make the decision for the patient.If direct killing can be legalized by someone else, someone who is not competent could be euthanized without ever expressing that wish. It seems to be inevitable that patient are going to be killed without permission if legalization occurs, even with rules about consent. The main argument of how abuse of the practice could occur is called the slippery slope argument. It says that even if particular acts of killing are sometimes morally justified with particularly pain-ridden patients, sanctioning practices of killing would run serious social risks of abuse, ravish and neglect. 3 The bad consequences of legalization would occur over time as this practice became more used. another(prenominal) potential form of abuse lies in the fact that it would be cheaper to euthanize a patient than to continue medical treatment. It is thought that it could become a means of health care cost containment. Some of the main supporters of euthanasia are people concerned about lowering health care costs. 6 Religion has caused many people to debate it. Most churches are adamantly opposed to the idea of suicide.However, some Christians believe that graven image would not wan t them to suffer. 9 Although most religions and churches disagree with intentionally killing a patient, many people who hold this stand will allow the withdrawal of life support. It is believed that there is a difference between killing and letting die. Someone who is against euthanasia may agree with letting someone die who is being kept alive solely by life support that is not really helping them. 3 People feel that the intent in these cases is different.The more accepted approach does not involve killing. One interpretation of the difference shows that the intent is different because actively killing is aiming at death, and withdrawing support simply accepts that we are limited to help the dying and cannot reverse the process. 8 However, some peole believe that since death is the outcome no matter what, there is no moral difference between them. Another matter of intent distiction regards what is called the duplicate effect. A physician will administer a pain medication to relie ve pain, but knows that it may cause death. The patient would be in pain without it, but it may cause death if it is administered. It is usually believed to be moral if the doctors intent is to relieve the suffering, and not to cause death. It is allowed if the death is foreseen but not intended, because it is the intent that makes it wrong. Although suicide is no longer a crime, giving assistance in it is, everywhere except for Switzerland, Germany, Norway, and Uraguay.In Australia, a law was passed that allows terminally ill patients to ask for assistance by injection or winning drugs themselves. 7 There is a debate about it because Parliament wants to overturn the statute, which is the worlds only voluntary euthanasia statute. In the Netherlands, it is actually a crime, but it has been ruled that physicians may assist in death under certain conditions. Some of these are that the patient must be ruled competent, and two doctors must conclude that the patient has less than 6 month s to live. 8 The United States has used them as an example to see what would happen if it were to occur here.They are having problems with it, mainly with abuse. The physicians there have reported that the main reasons people request it are low quality of life, the relatives, inability to cope, and no prospect for improvement. 0 Some sources show that people are requesting it for physical symptoms that it is almost ridiculou that they would go to such an extreme measure for. I think that the potential for abuse here may be great, because it is getting out of hand over there. People are becoming afraid to go to hospitals because euthanasia is becoming so commonplace. It now accounts for 15% of deaths. 1000 unconsenting deaths occur each year. 1. In 1994, the state of Oregon passed a ballot that gives limited physician-assisted suicide legality. This makes it the first in the nation to do so.A doctor must determine the patient has less than six months to live. A instant doctor must d ecide that they are mentally competent and not suffering from depression. The patient must request it in writing with two witnesses, and then 48 hours before the doctor delivers the prescription the request must be repeated orally. 1 It must be a voluntary act. However, those jugements are left to the physician. So far, it has never been put into action. Other states are considering similar legislation, such as California which has proposed a law that is similar to the guidelines that the Dutch have adopted.Lawsuits in Washington State and New York were ruled by the 9th and 2nd U. S. Circuit Courts of Appeals that laws prohibiting physician-assisted suicide are unconstitutional. The legal fate will be determined by the Supreme Court. In 1990, the decision of Cruzan v. Missouri Department of Health resulted in people having the right to avoid unwanted medical treatment, including food and water. 5 It recognized the right to terminate unwanted medical treatment even when death would b e the result. 14 People often use the Constitution as a basis for argument.The 14th amendment prohibits the state from depriving any person of life, liberty, or property without due process of law. So to deny a dying patient medical assistance when requested is to threaten this patients request for help is judged denial of constitutionally protected due process. 4 As the courts were in session to hear a case about whether terminally ill people have a constitutional right to physician assisted suicide, demonstrators sang and picketed outside a Supreme Court building.The emotions of the rights issue has been compared to that of abortion. Both of these issues dig into whether we have the right to choose such personal issues. People can feel very strongly about the issues of mercy killing, whether they oppose or support it. The lack of laws cause people to avoid prosecution for assisting in a suicide. Kevorkian has escaped prosecution because there is not a state law prohibiting it, ac cording to a Michigan judge. 9 People are afraid that activities such as his would become widespread if assisted suicide were legalized.His actions have been opposed not because of the assistance, but because he had no real relationship with his patients and had not given them any kind of clinical evaluation. Many were also not terminally ill. 3 It seems to show what is lacking in the medical sysytem, or what could become of it. Every case of assisted suicide is not convicted or prosecuted, even in states that make it illegal. However, the fact that there are many landmark right to die cases, shows that the law is commited to the prohibition. However, the procedures are not described as killing.If this were the case, the act would have to be justified similar to killing someone out of self defense. 4 It is hard to define the conditions that there must be in order to make it legal, because there is so much that we do not know. For euthanasia to be ethical, there must be certain guide lines. The person must be a ripe(p) adult, and has been shown to be mentally competent and willing to make the decision. Some medical help will have already been given, and it should seem that the fight is hopeless. 9 Many arrangings have beliefs on this and they try to educate the public on euthanasia and what their views are.I contacted Marianne Smith, the Program Development Director of the Death with Dignity National Center. 15 She explained to me in e-mail how the organization feels about euthanasia and what they do to educate the public about it. The organization is working toward better health care for paients. She feels that assisted suicide should be legal, but that physician-assisted dying should be the response of last resort, and when all other options fail to relieve unbearable suffering, when the patient is acting on his or her own initiative, is not clinically depressed, and is capable of administering the medication personally.The people who could be elgible are on ly terminally ill, competent adults with decisionmanking capacity. I also asked whether euthanasia could be avoided with adequate pain medicine. Her response was that Physicians, medical associations and hospices all have stated that not all pain can be controlled. Their view, which is one I encountered a lot, is that the medical professionals have not been trained adequately in pain management. Regarding the issues of potential slippery slope abuse, she says that physicians aid in dying is more common than people realize, and legalization would just make it happen openly, instead of secretly.However, the state regulation should provide strict guidelines and penalties for violations. I think that it is hard to make sure that the decisions are correct, so it should be guardedly thought out. We are dealing with a very serious issue, which is death. It should not be an easy decision to make or to carry out. Becaue death is the consequence, the decision to kill oneself, and carrying it out should be very difficult and carefully thought out. This would help ensure that people have thought about it enough and know that this is the best decision.I dont know how a solution can be thought of to deal with the debate, but things such as more health care education and informing patients of their rights should be a consideration. I hope that if legalization ever were to take place, that they would carefully restrict who qualified for euthanasia. After all my research, most of my questions have been answered. It is difficult to come to a conclusion because there is no right or wrong answer. I dont know how anyone can determine what should be done. Who can put a price on life and say who has the right to die? The prefatory choice is whether to let doctors help people die, and if so, how?I have found many great arguments either opposing or protesting this issue, which has led me to my conclusions. When I began this paper, I dove into it thinking that I was going to pass over the idea of assisted suicide. I knew I could convince someone that it should be the moral and legal thing to do. I could not imagine a life without the ultimate choice or having to endure great suffering. I was going to defend this side, but also show the opposing side. Once I got into the research, I found many facts that I had not known before about why it has not besides been legalized.Many questions and opinions showed me that there were things I had not even bothered to think about before. What a rage to me that I could begin a project as a supporter, and then turn around my views. I now see where the opposers are coming from. There are just too many problems and considerations to think about before this could ever happen, and there are alternate solutions. I cannot say that this has given me a complete turn in the opposite direction, but I am definitely leaning toward the opposing side except in extreme circumstances when nothing could ever help the patient.